|
g]kfnaf6
cx+sf/ knfPsf] / ljj]s u'dfPsf] ;]gfaf6 hgtfsf] ;'/Iff x'Fb}g
s[i0f kxf8L
l8;]Da/ !(, @))%
@)^@ ;fn d+;L/ @( ut] a'waf/ eQmk'/ lhNnfdf cjl:yt gu/sf]6sf] lrxfg8fF8fdf csf]{
;fd"lxs lrxfg ylkof] . zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] Pp6f pGdfbL l;kfxLn] cGwfw'Gw
uf]nL rnfP/ !! hgf gful/ssf] Hofg lng'sf ;fy} o:tf] cft+ssf] l;h{gf u¥of]
h:sf sf/0f ;f/f b]z clxn] zf]sdf 8'a]sf] 5 . zf]ssf] a]nfdf ;+j]bgf/lxt olb
sf]xL 5g\ eg] Tof] b/af/Lx? ePsf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . zf]ssf] a]nfdf pT;j dgfOb}g
/ t8s e8s jf sfo{qmdx? cfof]hgf ul/b}gg\ . Psflt/ kf}if ! ut] gu/sf]6 xTofsf08sf]
lj/f]wdf & /fhgLlts bnx?n] sf7df8f}+ aGbsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . hghLjg
7Kk lyof] . k;n, sn-sf/vfgf, oftfoft aGb lyP . t/ To;} a]nf g]kfnsf o'j/fh kf/;
zfx kf6gdf x'g] s'g} sfo{qmd jf dxf]T;jsf] pb\3f6gsfnflu hfg cft'/ / Jou| lyP
. ;Gsfxf o'j/fh kf/;sf] ;jf/L rnfpg] w'gdf ;'/IffsdL{x?n] y'k|} k|of; u/]sf]
va/ ;fj{hlgs eof] . t/ htftt} b]lvPsf] cfqmf]z / k|bz{gsf sf/0f cflv/ b/af/n]
kf/; zfxsf] ;§f dlGqkl/ifb\sf pkfWoIf lji6nfO{ pQm sfo{qmddf k7fP5 .
d+;L/ @( ut] lrxfg8fF8fdf nfu]sf] d]nf / wfld{s kj{sf bf}/fg zfxL ;]gfsf s]xL
dfG5]n] gfrufgsf qmddf dlxnfnfO{ lh:sfpg] / e2f dhfs u/]s} sf/0f xftkft ePsf]
s'/f s]xL :yfgLo af;Lx? atfpF5g\ . aGb'ssf] gzfdf cx+sf/ knfPsf] / /S;Lsf] gzfn]
ljj]s u'dfPsf] ;]gfsf] Tof] hTyf dWo] Pshgf af;'b]j yfkf eGg] zfxL ;}lgs d]nf
:yfgaf6 rf/ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f /x]sf] Aof/]s k'lu xltof/ af]s]/ kms]{kl5 cGwfw'Gw
le8df uf]nL rnfP/ l;h{gf u/]sf] g/;+xf/sf] sf/0f /fhfsf] lghL ;]jssf] ?kdf lrlqt
x'Fb} cfPsf] zfxL ;]gfleqsf] c/fhs, p208 / cg'zf;gxLg rl/qsf] klg kbf{kmf; ePsf]
5 . dfcf]jfbL lx+;fnfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ gfddf b08xLgtfsf] kmfObf p7fpFb} cfPsf] /
cfk"mnfO{ sfg"geGbf dfly 7fGg] zfxL ;]gfsf] of] rl/qn] Pp6f o:tf]
wAaf l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 h:nfO{ w'g] xf] eg] ;]gfn] /fli6"o rl/q u|x0f ug'{
cfjZos 5 . :ki6 zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] /fhfsf] ;fy 5f8]/ hgtfsf] ;dy{g gug]{ xf]
eg], g]kfnsf] zfxL ;]gf hgtfaf6 emg 6fFl9b} / PlSnb} hfg]5 eGg] ;+s]t klg gu/sf]6
36gfn] u/]sf] 5 . gu/sf]6 sf08kl5 hgtfdf b]lvPsf] ;]gf lj?4sf] efjgf o;}sf]
;+s]t xf] . Psflt/ g]kfnsf] zfxL ;]gfn] cfk"mnfO{ /fhf / /fhtGqk|lt akmfbf/
atfpFb} cfPsf] 5 en} tL /fhf, o'j/fh hlt;'s} ;lGs, kfv08L / nx8L lsg gx'g .
csf{lt/ g]kfnsf] zfxL ;]gfn] /fhfnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ gfddf ax'bnLo k4lt / bnx? lj?4
tLa| ljif jdg ug]{ / abgfd ug]{ sfd klg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . of] rl/q /fli6"o
;]gfsf] xf]Og .
gu/sf]6 g/;+xf/n] ;]gfleqsf] y'k|} kf]n / Kjfn vf]n]sf] 5 . gu/sf]6 36gf ;]gfsf]
Pp6f hjfgsf] dfq pGdfb / ;gs atfP/ ToxfFleqsf] Kjfn / kf]nnfO{ 9fSg] k|oTg clxn]
eO/x]sf] 5 . Psflt/ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] Pp6f hfFra'em cfof]u u7g u/]sf] 5 eg]
csf]{lt/ zfxL ;]gfn] 5'§} ;ldlt agfPsf] 5 h'g cfk}mdf lj/f]wfefif k"0f{
5 . cfof]u / ;ldltx? aGbf gaGb} d[tssf kl/jf/nfO{ 8]9 nfv Ifltk"lt{ lbg]
3f]if0ff klg eO;s]sf] 5 . eljiodf o:tf 36gf bf]xf]l/g glbg] xf] eg] gu/sf]6
36gfsf] k[i7e"ld ;lxt ulx/fO{df k'Ug' h?/L 5 . zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfleq x's{b}
uPsf] 5f8fkg / hgtfsf] hLjg / zflGtk|ltsf] pbfl;gtfsf] k|ltljDj clxn] :ki6 b]Vg
;lsG5 .
hgtfsf] /ut / kl;gfn] lt/]sf] s/af6 ;~rflnt lgsfo b]z / hgtfeGbf /fhf / o'j/fh
jf /fhtGqk|ltsf] elQmdf Hofbf pGd'v x'G5 eg] To:tf] lgsfo l9nf] rfF8f] lj36gsf]
;+3f/df k'U5 . zfxL ;]gfn] cfk"mnfO{ ;dod} rf]Vofpg / hf]ufpg ;s]g eg]
Tof] p;}sfnflu 3fts 7xl/g]5 . b]z s;}sf] ljtf{ aGg ;Sb}g / /fHosf] ;fwg / >f]t
/fhkl/jf/sf] lghL ;DklQ xf]Og . Oltxf;n] a9f/]sf] lbg /fhf, dxf/fhf b]z 5f8]/
efu]sf ;of}+ pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . To;/L a9f/Lbf /fhf, dxf/fhf;Fu} ;]gf / ;'/Iff lgsfosf
;a} ;tL hfg klg ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ :jfledfgsf] kIfdf g]kfnsf] ;]gf gpleg] xf] eg]
Tof] cGttM nx8L /fhtGqsf] bf; dfq 7xl/g]5 .
csf]{lt/ gu/sf]6df !! hgf lgxTyf g]kfnLx?sf] lrxfg vGg] zfxL ;]gfsf] af;'b]j
yfkf eGg] hjfg / g]kfnsf] efjL /fhfsf] ?kdf lrlqt o'j/fh kf/; zfxdf tflTjs leGgtf
s] 5 < /fhf / o'j/fhsf o:tf s}+og ;gs / nx8nfO{ a}wflgstf / ;'/Iff lbP/ g]kfnsf]
;]gfn] ljutdf h'g uNtL u/]sf] 5, To;}sf] sf/0f klg ;]gfk|lt gsf/fTds wf/0ff
a9\b} uPsf] 5 . gu/sf]6 36gfdf ;]gf lj?4 hgtfn] b]vfPsf] k|lts[of o:sf] k|ToIf
pbfx/0f xf] .
k]m/L csf]{ lu/ˆtf/L
s[i0f kxf8L
l8;]Da/ !(, @))%
Pdg]i6L OG6/g]zgnsf] lgdGq0ffdf o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf] $% lbg nfdf] ædGtJo
ofqfÆ ;s]/ @^ gf]e]Da/sf lbg d sf7df8f}+ kmls{P . $ cS6f]a/sf lbg d}n]
sf7df8f}+ 5f8]sf] lyP / %@ lbgkl5 sf7df8f}+ pqgf;fy nlntk'/sf] vf]sgfdf Pdfn]åf/f
cfof]lht cfd;efdf af]Ng cfu|x eof] . ;fFem ^ ah]b]lv cfd;ef z'? eof] . s]xL
;o gful/sx? lyP . clwsf+;df nf]stflGqs u0ftGqk|lt ckf/ ;dy{g lyof] .
d+;L/ !* ut] l;Gw'nLdf cfof]lht gful/s ;efdf efu lng !& ut] xfdLn] sf7df8f}+
5f8\of} . ;efdf 7"Nff] ;+Vofdf :yfgLo u|fdL0fx?sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . !@ ah]lt/
h'n'; z'? eof] . oxfF klg ;'/IffsdL{x?n] ;efdf le8 ga9f]; eg]/ ljleGg afwf÷cj/f]w
l;h{gf u/]sf /x]5g\ . Ps cy{df /fHosf] ;'/Iff lgsfo gful/s cfGbf]ng / /fhgLlts
bnx?sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ s;/L lg:t]h / lzlyn kfg{ ;lsG5 eg]/ lqmofzLn /x]sf] kfOof]
. l;Gw'nLsf] gful/s ;efdf af]Ng] qmddf d}n] ;"rgf k|ljlwdfly /fhf 1fg]Gb|n]
3ft u/]sf] t/ nfh} geO{ 6o'lglzofdf ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL Pp6f ;Dd]ngsf]
Ps ;qsf] ;efkltTj u/]sf] k|;Ë p7fPsf] lyP . pbfx/0fsfnflu @)^! df3 !( sf]
zfxL 3f]if0ff kZrft g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g nfOg sfl6of] . clglZrt sfnsfnflu df]afOn
;]jf aGb ul/of] / OG6/g]6÷Od]n 7Kk kfl/of] . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf oL k|ljlwx?dflysf]
anft cfqmd0fsf] z}nL g]kfnsf /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] kfls:tfgsf ;}lgs zf;s k/j]h d':;/{kmaf6
l;s]sf] rrf{ lyof] .
/fhf 1fg]Gb|n] cfˆgf] dxTjfsf+Iff / lg/+s'ztf nfbg ;a}eGbf 7"nf] afwf
;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ 7fg]sf] tYo dfw !( sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffkl5sf] Jojxf/jf6 :ki6
ePsf] lyof] . t/ clxn] 6o'lglzofdf uP/ ;"rgf k|ljlw ;DaGwL ;Dd]ngsf] Pp6f
;qsf] ;efkltTj ubf{ /fhf 1fg]Gb|nfO{ nfh geP klg ;"rgf k|ljlw cfkm}+ b'lvt
/ nlHht ePsf] x'g'k5{ . d+;L/ !& ut] sf7df8f}+df g]skf Pdfn]n] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] h'n';df pkl:ylt hgfP/ xfdL l;Gw'nL nfu]sf lyof}+ . kl5 yfxf eof], To;lbg
sf7df8f}+df ckf/ hg ;fu/ pln{P 5 . To;}lbg /fhf 1fg]Gb| kms{b} x'g'x'GYof],
clk|msf ofqfaf6 . pxfFsf pkb|jL 5f]/f kf/; zfxsf] uf8Ldf 9'+ufd'9f eP5 . To;}sf]
l/; kf]Vg b/af/s} Ozf/fdf ;o hgfsf] xltof/wf/L hTyfn] g]skf Pdfn]sf] sfof{no
cfuf] nufpg eg]/ cl3 a9]sf] ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfof] . Tof] ;d"xnfO{ k|x/Ln]
g} /f]Sof] /] . dl;{l8h sf/ r9]/ xltof/ ;lxt cftÍ drfpFb} lx8]sf] Tof]
b:tfsf] Jojxf/n] ækf/; zfxÆ /fhf eP eg] g]kfnsf] cj:yf emg s:tf]
x'g] /x]5 eGg] :ki6 ;Gb]z k|jflxt ul//x]sf] lyof] .
l;Gw'nLaf6 kms{bf x/]s ;'/IffhfFr kf]i6df xfd|f] af/]df cToflws ;ts{tf / rf;f]
JoQm eO/x]sf] lyof] . sf7df8f}+ kms]{kl5 yfxf eof] ;'/Iff lgsfon] l;Gw'nLsf]
gful/s ;efsf cfof]hsx?nfO{ ;tfpg yfn]sf] /x]5 .
d+;L/ @! ut] ;fFv'df g]kfnL sf+u|];åf/f cfof]lht csf]{ cfd;efdf af]Ng]
qmddf d}n] lx/f], lh/f] / len]g af/] cfˆgf wf/0ff cl3 ;f/] .
cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/ ;lxtsf] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] kIfw/x?nfO{
clxn] ;j{q lx/f] cyf{t\ gfossf] ?kdf lrq0f ug{ yfn]sf] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] s'/f
ug]{x? k|lt lh/f] cyf{t\ z'Gosf] efj /x]sf] / lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf lxdfotf{x?nfO{
;j{q len]g cyf{t\ vngfos 7fGg yfn]sf] cg'ej d]/f] lyof] .
!) l8;]Da/ ljZj dfgj clwsf/ lbj;sf ?kdf ;+;f/el/ dgfOG5 . o; jif{sf] ljZj dfgj
clwsf/ lbj; cyf{t\ d+;L/ @% sf lbg dgfpg] ;Gbe{df klg xfdLn] cfGbf]ngs} :j?knfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ eGg] 7fGof}+ . 3/df dfG5] d/]sf] a]nf pT;j dgfOb}g . l7s To;}ul/
df3 !( kl5 :jtGqtfsf] d'6' r'l8Psf] / nf]stGqsf] k|f0f x/0f ePsf]n] xfd|f nflu
pT;j dgfpg] jftfj/0f /x]g . /Tgkfs{ ;/sf/åf/f lgif]lwt If]q xf] . t/ s]xL
jif{cl3 ;Dd xfdL ToxL e]nf eP/ pkjf; a:Yof}+ . kl5 ToxfF klg lgif]lwt If]q 3f]if0ff
ul/of] . eb|sfnLdf xfdLn] cfd/0f cg;g u/]sf lyof}+ . ToxfF klg kl5 lgif]lwt
If]q 3f]if0ff ul/of] . k'tnL;8s df]8df k|bz{g x'GYof] ToxfF klg kl5 /fhfsf]
;/sf/n] lgif]wf1f hf/L u¥of] . v]bb} v]bb} xfdLnfO{ zx/sf] lsgf/ftk{m ws]Ng]
sfd eO/x]sf] lyof] . o; l:yltdf cfGbf]ngs} ?kdf dfgj clwsf/ lbj; dgfpg] lg0f{o
nf]stGq / zflGtsfnflu gful/s cfGbf]ngn] u¥of] . @% h'nfO{ cyf{t\ ;fpg !),
@)^! sf lbg klg /Tgkfs{df lgif]wf1f tf]8]/ of] cfGbf]ngsf] hGd ePsf] lyof] .
o; k6s /Tgkfs{df lgif]lwt If]qdf hDdf eP/ cl3 a9\g] sfo{qmdnfO{ dfgj clwsf/
tyf zflGt ;dfh / g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7g h:tf dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;+3÷;+:yf
/ ;of}+ gful/sx?n] v'n]/ ;dy{g u/] / To; cufl8 g} cf-cfˆgf sfo{qmd ;s]/
/Tgkfs{df e]nf x'g] lg0f{o u/] .
lbpF;f] ;fF9] @ ah] /Tgkfs{df k|bz{g lyof] t/ !@ ah]b]lv g} k|x/Ln] /Tgkfs{
jl/kl/sf] If]qdf gfsfaGbL z'? u/]sf] lyof] . # lt/sf] k|j]z dfu{df em08} /f]s
nufOPsf] lyof] eg] @ j6f bdsn / bh{gf}+ k|x/Lsf uf8Lx? t}gfy lyP . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
x6fpFb} ef]6flx6L vfnL u/fpFb} qf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f/f afwf
JojwfgnfO{ lrb}{ / /fhfsf] lg/+s'z ;QfnfO{ r'gf}lt lbb} lbpF;f] ;fF9] @ ah]
k|bz{g z'? eof] . klxnf] r/0fdf *) hgf lu/ˆtf/ ePkl5 k|x/Ln] bdsnaf6 kfgLsf]
kmf]xf]/f] 5f8]/ k|bz{gnfO{ ltt/ ljt/ kfg]{ cleofg z'? u/]5 . o; k6s klg ;'/IffsdL{sf]
/0fgLlt sdeGbf sdnfO{ kqmfp ug]{ / a9LeGbf a9LnfO{ nf7L, kfgLsf] kmf]xf]/f]
cflb k|of]u u/]/ ltt/ ljt/ kfg]{ g} lyof] .
em08} # 306fsf] aGbL cj:yfkl5 kqmfp k/]sf xfdL ;a} (& hgfnfO{ 5f]l8of] .
of] d]/f] @^cf}+ k6ssf] lu/ˆtf/L lyof] . /Tgkfs{df e]nf eP/ k|bz{g ug]{
gful/s cfGbf]ngn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] ænf]stflGqs u0ftGqÆ :yfkgf
geP;Dd xfd|f] cfGbf]ng hf/L /xG5 .
;+3f/df cfO;s]sf] kl/jt{g
s[i0f kxf8L
cS6f]a/ #, @))%
uPsf] @ ;ftf gful/s cfGbf]ngsf tkm{af6 b]zsf ljleGg efudf dxTjk"0f{ sfoqmdx?
cfof]hgf eP . c;f]h !) ut] lstL{k'/df cfof]lht gful/s ;ef P]ltxfl;s /x\of] .
b]zsf ;r]t / :jfledfg dflg;x?sf] k|ltlqmof x]bf{ nfU5 ls efjgfTds ?kdf nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqsf kIfw/x?sf] ljho eO;Sof] . clx+;fTds cfGbf]ngsf] Hjf/ef6fn] efjgfTds
Tof] cfj]unfO{ Aojl:yt ug{ dfq ;lsof] eg] Pp6f gofF g]kfnsf] t:jL/ cjZo sf]l/g]5
. zfob To;}n] xf]nf /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;/sf/ / o; cGtu{tsf lgsfox? clxn]
xft wf]P/ gful/s cfGbf]ngsf] lj?4 vlgPsf] k|ltt x'G5 .
lj/f6gu/df s]lx ;ftf cuf8L ;DkGg ePsf] ;/sf/4f/f dgf]lgt lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf
;efklt / pk ;efkltx?sf] k"jf{~rn If]lqo e]nfn] gful/s ;dfhsf] ultljlwn]
æb]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cl:tTjd} vt/fÆ kf/]sf] k|:tfj kf; u/]sf] /x]5
. k'/fgf] k~r e]nfnfO{ emNsfpg] Tof] e]nfsf] pb3f6g sfo{qmddf /fhfsf g]t[Tjdf
/x]sf] dlGqkl/ifbsf pkfWoIf 8f= t'N;L lu/Ln] #/$ k6s gfd lnP/ xfdLnfO{ ufnL
ug'{eof] eGg] ;'lgof] . To:t} s]lx lbg cufl8 /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] sf7df8f}+df ljb]zL
k};fsf] vf]nf] jufP/ cjfl~5t ultljlw eO/x]sf] cf/f]k nufpg'eof] .
/fhgLlts bnx? / gful/s ;dfhnfO{ nlIft ul/P/ To:tf] l6Kk0fL ePsf] AofVof s]lx
cvjf/x?n] u/] . cyf{t nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] kIfdf hgtfsf] e]n pn{g yfn]kl5 clxn]
gful/s cfGbf]ngdfly k|xf/ ltj| x'g yfn]sf] 5 . t/ ;To s] xf] eg] b]zsf] k};fsf]
vf]nf] jufP/ ljb]zL a}sdf vftf eg{]x? clxn] klg hgtfnfO{ d"v{ 7fgL/x]sf
5g .
c;f]h !% ut] ;'b'/ klZrdsf] s~rgk'/df cfof]lht j[xt gful/s ;efnfO{ efF8g /fhfsf]
;Qfn] lgs[i6 if8oGq u-of] . cl3Nnf] lbg ;Dd sfo{qmd cfof]hgf :yn d}bfg k|of]u
ug{ :yflgo k|zf;gn] :jLs[lt lbPsf] lyPg eg] cGtt a9\bf] hg nx/ ;+u 8/fP/ sfo{qmd
ljyf]Ng t ;s]g t/ ef]lnkN6 !! jh] ;/sf/L zflGt h'n'zsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ dfG5]nfO{
u'd/fx ug{] xb};Ddsf] k|oTg u-of] .
gful/s ;efdf ;'/IffsdL{n] uf]nL rnfp5g eGg] xNnf rnfP/ sfo{qmd efF8g] k|oTg
eof] . To:tf cg]sf} if8oGqsf jfjh'b klg xhf/f} dfG5] ;efdf cf]Ol/P / d'Qms07n]
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;dy{g\ u/] .
wgu9L, afUn"ª, g'jfsf]6 hxfF hxfF gful/s ;ef eP, k|zf;gn] ;+ej eP;Dd
dfG5] gcfpg eg]/ if8oGq u-of] . wgu9Ldf ha xfdL h'n'zdf efu lnb} cl3 al9/x]sf
lyof}, jhf/sf] k;nsf] Ps 5]pdf Æs[i0f kxf8L d'bf{jfbÆ eGg] Pp6f
Kn]sf8{ s;}n] jf]s]/ j;]sf] /x]5 . lj/f]wsf] :jtGqtf ;a}nfO{ 5 t/ zf]ssf] j]nf
klg /fHos} eQf vfP/ /fhfs} u'0fufg ufpg]x?sf] lj/f]w eg] k|fof]lht g} xf] eg]
gful/s cfGbf]ngdf pn{]sf] le8 :jt:km"t{ xf] . xfdL ljrf/sf] cleofgdf ljZjf;
u5f{} . ljj]ssf] v8]/L st} gk/f]; eGg] dfGotf /fV5f} .
htftt} b]lvPsf] nf]stGqsf] of] nx/n] ;fFRr} g} g]kfndf kl/jt{g ;+3f/df cfO;s]sf]
;+s]t ub{5 .
;Qf if8oGq / ;+efljt cj;fg
s[i0f kxf8L
;]K6]Da/ !(, @))%
ebf} !* ut] g]skf dfc]fjfbLn] Pstlk{m o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf
/x]sf] ;/sf/ eg] ufpF ufpFdf k;]/ pw'd drfpg vf]h]sf tYo ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf] 5
. gful/s ;dfhåf/f ebf} @% ut] g]kfnu~hdf / ebf} @^ ut] l6sfk'/df nf]stGq
/ zflGtsf nflu cfof]lht sfo{qmddf efu lng hfg] qmddf dWoklZrdsf] ;b/d'sfd dflgg]
g]kfnu~hdf k'Ugf;fy ;/sf/L b'/f;osf y'k|} ;"rgfx?n] Ps;fy xfdLnfO{ lsRof]
. åGånfO{ nDAofP/ / cGt/åGånfO{ rsf{P/ zf;gsf] cfo'
a9fpg] w'gdf nfu]sf /fhfsf] ;'/Iff lgsfo / k|zf;gsf] if8oGqsf] k|ToIf lzsf/
o;k6s xfdL cfk}m eof}+ . g]kfnu~hdf ebf} @% ut] x'g] elgPsf] gful/s ;ef ljyf]Ng
;/sf/n] x/ ;Dej k|oTg u¥of] . sfo{qmd cufl8 g} s]xL jQmfx? / cfof]hsnfO{
lu/ˆtf/ ul/b}5 eGg] xNnf Aofks lyof] . sfo{qmd cfof]hgf :yneGbf s]xL ld6/
k/ lgif]wf1f nfu" ul/Psf] rrf{ lyof] eg] x/]s gfsfdf ;z:q k|x/Lx? 7"nf]
;+Vofdf t}gfy lyP . ;efdf dflg;x? gcfpg eg]/ qf; l;h{gf ul/Psf] lyof] . ebf}sf]
k|r08 udL{df klg xhf/f}+ JolQmx?n] ;efdf efu lnP / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] pb\3f]ifnfO{
s/tn WjgLn] :jfut u/] . To;lbg sfo{qmddf efu lng cfPsf sl/a ! bh{g a;nfO{ ofq'
;lxt lkmtf{ k7fOP5 . cyf{t\ ;'/Iff lgsfon] sfo{qmddf Go"g pkl:ylt b]vfpg
x/ ;Dej s;/t u/]klg g]kfnu~hdf pT;fxk|b ;ef ;DkGg eof] . t/ ;efdf efu lnP/ kmlsPsf
# hgf gful/snfO{ kq]m/ aGbL agfpg] sfd :yfgLo k|zf;gn] u¥of] . ;/sf/ ;efdf
;xefuL x'g]x?nfO{ y'Gg] ;Gb]z lbP/ afFsL lhNnfsf] sfo{qmd ljyf]Ng] vfsf tof/
ul//x]sf] lyof] . cyf{t\ ebf} @^ ut] ef]lnkN6 s}nfnL lhNnfsf] l6sfk'/df csf]{
gful/s ;ef x'Fb} lyof] . t/ cl3Nnf] lbg /ftL 6]lnlehg tyf /]l8of] ;dfrf/af6
xfdLn] yfxf kfof}+ ls ;ef:yn l6sfk'/df k|zf;gn] lgif]wf1f hf/L u/]5 . t}klg
cfof]hs ;fyLx?sf] pT;fx a9fpg xfdL s}nfnL uof}+ . l6sfk'/ eGbf $ lsnf]ld6/ j/
b'uf}{nL eGg] ufpFdf ;ef ug]{ ;fyLx?n] lg0f{o ug'{ eP5 . sf/0f lgif]wf1f nfu'
ePsf] l6sfk'/df htftt} ;z:q k|x/L t}gfy u/]sf] /x]5 . b'uf}{nL eGg] ufpFdf gful/s
;ef ;DkGg eof] . cfZro{, ToxfFklg Ps}l5gdf xhf/f}+ dfG5] hDdf eP .
ebf} @( b]lv c;f]h ! ;Dd k"jf{~rnsf] pbok'/, ;'g;/L / emfkfdf cfof]lht
gful/s ;efx?df efu lng xfdL ebf} @* ut] pbok'/ k'Uof}+ . ;ef ug{ lbg] glbg]
eGg] af/] cGof}nsf] jftfj/0f lyof] . To;}lbg emfkf lhNnf k|zf;gn] bdsdf c;f]h
! ut] cfof]lht gful/s ;efnfO{ nlIft u/]/ lgif]wf1f 3f]if0ff u/]5 . ;/sf/n] gful/s
;ef x'g] 7fpFdf of t lgif]wf1f nfpg] of t Jofks qf; l;h{gf u/]/ ;xeflutf 36fpg]
/0fgLlt cjnDag ul//x]sf] lyof] . pbok'/sf] ufO{3f6 / ;'g;/Lsf] Og?jfdf klg xhf/f}+
gful/sx?sf] ;xeflutfdf ;ef ;DkGg eof] . o;qmddf ;efdf efu lng cfPsf s}+ognfO{
lkmtf{ k7fPsf] / a; /f]lslbPsf] tYo klg k|sfzdf cfof] .
c;f]h ! ut] bdsdf k"j{ 3f]lift sfo{qmd :yndf htftt} ;z:q k|x/L t}gfy ePsf
lyP . bds l;dfgfdf /x]sf] /t'jf vf]nf s6]kl5 ufpF z'? x'Fbf] /x]5 Tolx nvgk'/
eGg] 7fpFdf c;f]h ! ut] gful/s ;ef ;DkGg eof] . h:df s]xL xhf/ gful/ssf] ;xeflutf
/x\of] . ;ef ;lsPkl5 bds ahf/ k|j]z u/]/ gful/sx?n] lgif]wf1f klg tf]8] .
o;}aLrdf Onfddf klg ;ef x'g] ;"rgf kfP/ lhNnf k|zf;gn] lgif]wf1f hf/L u/]5
. emfkf lhNnfsf] sfo{qmd l;WofP/ sf7df8f}+ kmls{bf xfdLn] yfxf kfof}+ ls xfdLn]
lhNnf 5f8]kl5 k|zf;gn] lgif]wf1f klg lkmtf{ lnP5 . Psflt/ /fhf 1fg]Gb| cfk}m
dWodf~rnsf s]xL lhNnfsf] e|d0fdf lg:sg' ePsf] 5 / pxfFsf sfo{qmddf le8 h'6fpg
/fHosf] ;fwg / >f]tsf] Jofks b'?kof]u ePsf] 5 . csf]{lt/ :jtM :k"mt{
gful/s ;efnfO{ /f]Sg lgif]wf1f nfu' x'g yfn]sf] 5 .
/fHo;Fu aGb's 5, xfdL;Fu kmut cfjfh . t/ Tolx aGb's t]:of{P/ xfd|f] cfjfh /f]Sg]
if8oGq ePsf] 5 . t}klg xfdL;Fu ljZjf; 5, lgi7f 5 / ;d'Ggt nf]stflGqs g]kfnsf]
lgdf{0fsf nflu ;+sNk 5 . /fhf;Fu ;Qf 5, if8oGq 5 / agfpg] eGbf eTsfpg] s'lT;t
lgot 5 To;}n] cj;fg klg glhs 5 .
æo'4 lj/fdn] hufPsf] cfzfÆ
s[i0f kxf8L
;]K6]Da/ ^, @))%
uPsf] xKtf g]kfnL sf+u|];n] !!cf}+ dxflwj]zg ;DkGg u¥of] / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf]
ljwfgaf6 æ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÆ sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ x6fof] . cyf{t\ nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqsf nflu 9f]sf v'n]sf] cy{df w]/}n] o:sf] :jfut u/] / v'zL eP . Psflt/
dfcf]jfbLn] /fhgLlts bnx?sf] Pp6f v'§f ufpFdf efFlrlbPsf], csf]{lt/ @)^!
df3 !( sf] 3f]if0ff;Fu} /fhfn] /fhgLlts bnx?sf] csf]{ v'§f klg efFlrlbPsf]
cj:yfdf c;xfo, bogLo /fhgLlts bnx?sf] j}zfvL ag]/ gful/s cfGbf]ng plqof] . nfU5
ca bnx?sf] v'§f hf]l8g yfn]sf] 5 . pgLx?sf] cfˆg} v'§fdf pleg'
k5{ / :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ng xfSg'k5{ .
uPsf] xKtf nf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu gful/s cfGbf]ngn] kf6gsf] b/af/ If]qdf j[xt
;ef / snfTds sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u¥of] . nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf kIfdf lrqsf/x?n]
lrq sf]/], sljx?n] sljtf kf7 u/], ufosx?n] uLt ufP, snfsf/n] gf6s d~rg u/] /
jQmfx?n] ljrf/ JoQm u/] . >f]tfx? efj ljef]/ eP / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf kIfdf
zAb} lkR5] tfnL k8sfpg yfn] . ch'{g k/fh'nLsf sljtf / /fd]z÷/fogsf uLtb]lv
?ljg uGwj{sf] ;f/ËLdf r'n'{Dd 8'a]sf xhf/f} gful/sx?sf] Pp6} pb\3f]if lyof]
ænf]stflGqs u0ftGqÆ . of] pT;fxnfO{ x]bf{ nfU5 ls /fhgLlts bn /
dfcf]jfbLn] s'g} cgy{ u/]gg\ eg] g]kfn kl/jt{gsf] glhs} 5 . kf6g Tof] 7fpF xf]
hxfF @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]ngsf bf}/fg æu0ftGqÆ 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof]
.
o;}aLr g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf k|r08n] @)^@ efb| !* ut] k|]; jQmJo hf/L u/L
# dlxgfsf nflu dfcf]jfbLsf tk{maf6 o''4 lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf] 5 . bz}
/ ltxf/ h:tf ax';+Vos g]kfnLsf] pNnf;do rf8sf a]nf kf/]/ ul/Psf] o:tf] 3f]if0ffsf]
;j{q :jfut ePsf] 5 t/ hgsf/jfxL, rGbf c;'nL cflbsf gfddf ljBdfg dfcf]jfbL HofbtLnfO{
/f]Sg g;s]df, lj:yflktx?nfO{ ;s'zn 3/ kms{g] jftfj/0f agfpg g;s]df o'4 lj/fd
3f]if0ffsf] cf}lrTo dfly k|Zg /lx/xG5 . Aojxf/sf] w/ftndf dfcf]jfbLsf] 3f]if0ff
;fy{s 7xl/of] eg] zflGt k|s[ofdf 7f]; of]ubfg / uxlsnf] z'?jft ePsf] dflgg]5
.
o'4 lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ dfcf]jfbLn] y'k|} dgf]j}1flgs nfe xfl;n u/]sf 5g\
. klxnf] ;+o'Qm /fi6" dxf;efdf efu lng] qmddf /fhfsf] ofqfsf] ;j{q lj/f]w
eO/x]sf] a]nf, dfcf]jfbLn] o'4 lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ w]/}sf] dg lht]sf 5g\
. cyf{t\ /fhfsf] ofqfsf] lj/f]w al9/x]sf] a]nf dfcf]jfbL 3f]if0ffsf] eg] ;j{q
:jfut eO/x]sf] 5 . bf]>f] /fi6" ;+3df ;+af]wgsf] a]nf tyf t]>f] ljZjsf
l56k'6 g]tfx?;"usf] e]6df cftÍjfbsf] b'xfO lbP/ cGt/f{li6"o
;dy{g h'6fpg vf]Hg] /fhfsf] k|of; dfly Ps tlkm{ o'4 lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ dfcf]jfbLn]
t'iff/fkft ul/lbPsf 5g\ . cfÏg} b]zdf /fhgLlts bn / gful/s ;dfhsf] Aofks
lj/f]wsf] ;fdgf u/]/ /fi6" ;+3 dxf;efdf pleg k'Ug] /fhfsf] lgotdfly ;a}n]
Pp6} k|Zg ug]{5g\ -;/sf/åf/f cftÍjfbL elgPsf] dfcf]jfbLn] eg] o'4
lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ eg] cfk"mnfO{ cftÍjfb lj/f]wL atfP/
zf;g ug]{ /fhf o; ljifodf lsg df}g 5g\ <† dfcf]jfbL lx+;fsf] qf; b]vfP/
zlQm s]lGb|s/0f / :jtGqtf ckx/0fsf] /fhfsf] cleofg g/fd|F];"u gflËg
k'u]sf] 5 eg] c;ndf sf] cftÍjfbL xf] eGg] gof" jx;n] hGd lng] ;+efjgf
klg k|jn 5 .
dfcf]jfbLn] o'4 lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 /fHosf tk{maf6 klg To:t} 3f]if0ff u/L
zflGt k|s[of cl3 a9fpg' kg]{ xf] . t/ /fHonfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhfsf] g]t[Tjsf]
jt{dfg ;/sf/nfO{ ;j{q cj}wflgs dflg;s]kl5 To:tf] cj}wflgs ;/sf/;"u jftf{
u/ eGg /fhgLlts bn / gful/s ;dfh tof/ 5}gg\ . sf/0f To;f] x'g' eg]sf] cj}w ;/sf/nfO{
cg'df]bg ug'{ xf] eGg] qf; ;j{q ljBdfg 5 . t;y{ dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjn] klg /fHosf
tk{maf6 s'g} kxnsf] ck]Iff eGbf /fhfsf] lj/f]w u/]/ /fhgLlts bn;"u ;xsfo{sf]
ck]Iff u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ /fhf;"u b"/L a9fP/ bn;"u b"/L
36fpg] /0fgLlt dfcf]jfbLn] cjnDag u/]sf 5g\ . o; l:yltdf /fhfsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/
eg] c;d~h;df k/]sf] b]lvG5 . sf/0f dfcf]jfbLn] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ ;d:ofsf]
tTsflng ;dfwfgsf ?kdf lnPsf] atfPkl5 dfcf]jfbLsf] PstkmL{ o'4 lj/fdsf] k|To'Q/df
:jfut ug{ jf ;sf/fTds eGg ;d]t ;/sf/ lxr\lsrfPsf] 5 . h'gsf]0faf6 x]bf{ klg
;/sf/ gflËPsf] / PlSnPsf] k|i6 b]Vg ;lsG5 .
o'4 lj/fdsf] dfcf]jfbL 3f]if0ffn] :ki6 ?kdf cfGbf]ng/t /fhgLlts bn;"u ;xsfo{sf
nflu /fhg}lts cfwf/ alnof] agfpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 5 eg] b/af/;"u s'g} ;xsfo{
gx'g] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . oxf;Ddls b/af/sf] u''lnof uf]nLsf] lzsf/ gaGg bnx?nfO{
r]tfjgL lbOPsf] 5 eg] ;+;b k'g{:yfkgfaf6 ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg gx'g] ;Gb]z klg k|r08sf]
jQmJodf :ki6 5 .
pk/f]Qm ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts zlQm ljz]if u/]/ & /fhgLlts bn :ki6 dfu{ lrq lnP/
cufl8 cfpg' h?/L 5 . dfcf]jfbLx?n] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf nflu ;+ljwfg ;ef nfO{
Go"gtd cfwf/ agfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL /fhgLltdf cfp"bf lbgx?df w'j|Ls/0f
cem t]h eP/ hfg]5 . ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf
/ dfgj clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/] eg] To;kl5 aGg] ;+o'Qm ;+/rgfsf cufl8 /fhtGq w]/}
lbg l6Sg ;Sg] 5}g . o'4 lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ dfcf]jfbLn] To;tk{m klxnf] l;+9L
r9]sf 5g\ t;y{ of] :jfut of]Uo 5 .
/fHosf nflu af]em, gful/ssf nflu Iff]e, /fhfsf nflu ef]h
s[i0f kxf8L
cu:6 @(, @))%
uPsf] b'O{ ;ftfleq lj/f6gu/ / x]6f}+8fdf nf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu @ j6f ljzfn
gful/s ;efx? ;DkGg eP . ebf}sf] eLif0f jiff{sf jfjh"b xhf/f}+ gful/sx?sf]
;xeflutf pT;fxk|b 5 . sf7df8f}+ aflx/ ;d]t nf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu gful/sx?sf]
;s[otf a9\g yfn]sf] of] a]nf cfGbf]ng/t /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ;lqmotf 36]sf] 5 .
oBlk g]skf Pdfn]n] ænf]stflGqs u0ftGqÆ nfO{ cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{gLlt
agfpg] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL sf+u|]; P3f/f}+ dxflwj]zgsf] tof/Ldf h'6]sf]
5 .
o;}aLr ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ;+;b k'g{:yfkgf ;DaGwL d'2f cl3 a9fpg] ÷ga9fpg]
;DaGwdf GofofwLzx? aLr 5nkmn÷ljdz{ k|s[of z'? ePsf] 5 . s]xL ;ftf kl5
/fhf 1fg]Gb| /fHosf] !@ s/f]8eGbf Hofbf /sd b'?kof]u ub}{} ;+o'Qm /fi6"
;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf efu lng hfb} x'g'x'G5 . /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] of] k|:tfljt e|d0fsf]
k|d'v /fhgLlts bn / gful/s cfGbf]ngn] lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . /fhfsf] of] e|d0f /fHosf
nflu af]em, gful/ssf nflu Iff]e / /fhfsf dltof/sf nflu ef]h jfx]s s]xL klg xf]Og
. ;+o'Qm /fi6" ;+3df /fhfsf] ;Daf]wg eO/xbf x'g] lj/f]w k|bz{g / b]zleq
al9/x]sf] c;Gtf]ifnfO{ cf]e]mndf kfg]{ p2]Zon] xf]nf /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] clxn] g]kfnsf
s]xL lhNnfsf] e|d0f ;Sg'ePsf] 5 . @)%( ;fndf klg lj/f6gu/af6 clegGbg z'? u/fP/
/fhfn] @)%( c;f]h !* sf] sbdsf] ;dy{gdf hgtf /x]sf] ;Gb]z ;j{q k|;f/0f ug{ vf]Hg'
ePsf] lyof] . @)^! df3 cufl8 /f]Nkf, ?s'd nufotsf lx+;f k|efljt lhNnfsf] e|d0f
u/]/ /fhfn] df3 !( sf] sbdsf nflu v'/fs h'6fpg] k|oTg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . /fhf
1fg]Gb|n] s'g}klg pkb|f] jf s'-sfo{ ug'{ cl3 o:t} lhNnf e|d0fsf] gf6s d~rg ug]{
/ /fhfsf k5fl8 hgtf 5g\ eg] e|dsf] v]tL ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5 . au/]n] v;L sf6\g'
cufl8 To:sf] uw{g ;'d;'DofP h:tf] hgtfsf clwsf/ x/0f ug'{ cufl8 /fhfn] klg hgtfs}
3/, b}nf] k'u]h:tf] u/]/ hgfb]z a6'n]sf] gf6s / if8oGq ljutdf klg ePsf] 5 .
To;}n] o; k6ssf] /fhfsf] s]xL lhNnfsf] bf}8fxf klg s'g} s7f]/tf ;+s]t x'g;S5
eg] ljZj d~rdf pkl:yt x'Fbf d]/f k5fl8 hgtf 5g\ eGg] ldYof gf6ssf] Pp6f c+z
. of] gf6sdf ;+;b k'g{:yfkgf u/fOlbg] k|nf]egsf] aN5L yfk]/ /fhfn] s]xL /f]rstf
cjZo k|bfg ug{'ePsf] 5 t/ cGttM Tof] aN5L lgNg] g]tf jf bnx?sf] Rofk"df
olt g/fd|f] 3fp x'g]5 ls km]l/ tL hgtfsf] gh/df p7\g ;Sg] 5}gg\ .
;+of]u xf] jf lj/f]wfefif
s[i0f kxf8L
cu:6 @%, @))#
dWodlZrdf~rnsf] e|d0fdf lg:s]sf /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] h'Dnfdf uP/ pb\3f]if ug{'eP5
æzflGt :yfkgfsf nflu cft+ssf/LnfO{ kmsfP/ x'G5 ls k'm6fP/, /fHon] Tolx
af6f] lng]5 .Æ /fhfsf] of] 3f]if0ff jf cx+sf/sf] cfwf/ s] xf] < Tof]
ls b/af/ ls dfcf]jfbLnfO{ g} yfxf xf]nf . t/ /fhfsf] pb\3f]if cg';f/ dfcf]jfbLnfO{
kmsfpg] jf k'm6fpg] rfaL eg] b/af/;Fu 5 . of] s'/f slt ;fFrf] xf], eljiodf :ki6
x'g]5 . t/ dfcf]jfbLleqsf] Pp6f pkb|jL ;d"x / To:sf cfr/0fsf sf/0f dfcf]jfbLn]
uDeL/ Iflt Joxf]g'{ kg]{ tYo eg] :ki6 5 .
uPsf] dlxgf dsjfgk'/sf] cfu|f bfdg nufotsf If]qdf dfcf]jfbL k|ltsf/sf] gfddf
3';]sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] To; If]qdf HofbtL u/]sf] ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfof] . wflbËsf]
ls/f~rf]saf6 k;]sf] pQm ;d"x ;'/IffsdL{åf/f k|fof]lht lyof] jf :jtM
:k"mt{ < a'em\g sl7g 5}g . To:sf] s]xL ;dokl5 pQm If]qdf k|j]z u/]sf]
dfcf]jfbL xltof/wf/L hTyfn] k|ltsf/ u/]sf] cf/f]kdf ;f]emf ;femf ufpFn] dfly
cTofrf/ u/]sf] / ckx/0f u/]sf] tYo b'MvbfoL 5 . b'O aGb'ssf] r]k'jfdf k/]/ ufpFn]
lg:;fl;Psf 5g\ . hgtfdflysf] cTofrf/nfO{ g} ljhosf] ;"rs dfGg]x? lgGbfsf
kfq x'g\ eg] dfgjtf lj?4sf ck/fwL .
uPsf] ;ftf dfcf]jfbLx?n] dsjfgk'/sf] o"lglne/ / k;f{sf] Hof]tL l:klgË
ldndf lj:kmf]6 u/fP/ sf/vfgf Wj:t Pj+ aGb u/fP / xhf/f}+ dhb"/x?nfO{ j]/f]huf/
agfP . ul/aLn] u|:t d'n's g]kfndf sf/vfgfdf lj:kmf]6 u/fpg' / j]/f]huf/x?sf]
afx'Notf ePsf] a]nf sf/vfgfdf sfd ul//x]sf dhb"/nfO{ ;d]t j]/f]huf/ agfpg'
b'ef{Uok"0f{ Pj+ lgGbgLo 5 . dfcf]jfbL lx+;fTds hgo'4sf] df]8]n lj:tf/}
k|:6 x'gyfn]sf] 5 / of] g} hgjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] ;"rs xf] eg] o:nfO{ a]n}df
;a}n] c:jLsf/ ug'{k5{ .
o;} ;ftf ;Kt/Lsf] hutk'/df @ bh{geGbf Hofbf dlxnfx?nfO{ xltof/wf/L dfcf]jfbLx?n]
anfTsf/ u/]sf] cf/f]k 5 . anfTsf/ dfgjtf lj?4sf] ck/fw xf] . k|f/lDes ;"rgf
cg';f/ pQm anfTsf/ dfcf]jfbLaf6 ePsf] xf] . bf]ifLdfly sf/jfxL gu/]/ dfcf]jfbLn]
yk cgy{ l;h{gf ul//x]sf 5g\ / cfk"mnfO{ dfgjtf lj?4sf ck/fwLsf ?kdf k|:t't
ub}{5g\ .
uPsf] xKtf g]kfnl:yt cd]l/sL /fhb"tn]\ df3 !* kl5 cyf{t\ /fhfsf] zfxL sbdkl5
zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf lzlyn ePsf] wf/0ff Pp6f cGtjf{tf{df JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . :ki6
5, df3 !( kl5 /fhfsf] ;dy{s b]lvPs} sf/0f ;]gf /fli6"o hghLjgsf] d"nwf/af6
s6]sf] 5 / o;}nfO{ lzlyn ePsf] ;+1f lbPsf] x'g;S5 . of] cleJolQm o:tf] b]zsf]
/fhb"taf6 cfPsf] 5 h'g b]z cd]l/sfn] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ tflnd lbb} cfPsf] 5
. of] qmd o;/L g} a9\of] eg] ef]ln ælzlyn ;]gfnfO{ lj37g ug'{k5{Æ
eGg] cfjfh p7\of] eg] ;]gfsf] cj:yf s] x'G5 < /fhfsf] kl5 nfu]/ hgtf lj?4
cTofrf/df ;]gf plqof] eg] lgZro klg To:tf] ;]gf lj37gsf] dfu x'g;S5 .
abL{df lzlyn b]lvP klg ljgf abL{sf ;]gfsf] ;lqmotf g} /fhfsf] kmsfpg] jf k'm6fpg]
rfaL xf] eg] Tof] klg ca pbfËf] x'g]5 . uPsf] xKtf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efklt
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] ænf]stflGqs u0ftGqÆ sf] cfjfh p7fpg] sf+u|];s}
s]xL g]tf sfo{stf{nfO{ b/af/L ePsf] cf/f]k nufpg' eof] . Tolt dfq xf]Og, sf]O/fnfn]
nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] kIfdf cfGbf]ng/t gful/s cfGbf]ngdfly klg cf}+nf 78\ofpg'
eP5 . sf]O/fnfsf] :jefj o:tf] 5 ls ha b/af/n] pxfFnfO{ GofSg yfN5 pxfF pu| u0ftGqjfbL
b]lvg' x'G5 / u|of08 l8hfOgsf] s'/f ug'{ x'G5 . ha b/af/n] pxfFnfO{ RofKg yfN5
ta pxfF :jtGqtfs} unf GofSg yfNg' x'G5 . gful/s cfGbf]ngn] /fhgLlts zlQm / &
bnnfO{ g} alnof] agfpg eg]/ cfGbf]ng yfn]sf] lyof] . of] cfGbf]ngsf] prfO a9\b}
hfFbf sf]O/fnfnfO{ cfˆgf] prfO 36]sf] n3'tfefif eof] . s:tf] cgy{, pxfF
To;}dfly al;{g' eof] . ptf b/af/ rfxG5 ls ca gful/s cfGbf]ng sf]O/fnfdfly vlgof];
/ tdf;f l;h{gf xf]; . t/ gful/s cfGbf]ngn] Tof] e"n ug]{ 5}g\ . cflv/ bnleq
klg kmsfpg] / k'm6fpg] rfaL t /fhf 1fg]Gb|;Fu} /x]5 . ufO{ df/]/ af3 kf]:g]
k|of; sf]O/fnfsf] xftaf6 ePsf] 5 / rf8} g} pxfFnfO{ of] e"nsf] cfefif x'g]5
.
jt{dfgsf 5j6f d"n d'2fx?
s[i0f kxf8L
cu:6 @$, @))%
/fhf jf /fhtGq, /fhgLlts bn, dfcf]jfbL / gful/s ;dfh s'g cj:yfdf 5g\ jf pgLx?sf]
dfgl;stf s:tf] 5 / s'g l;9L r9\b} sf] slt r'lng jf cndlng ;S5g eGg] ;Gbe{df
^ txsf] cj:yf oxfF lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .
!= /fhf jf /fhtGqsf] cj:yf M dfly g} pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 ls kl/jt{gsf
nlfu bnx?df b[9 OR5f zlQmsf] cefj / bnx?sf] sdhf]/L g} /fhfsf] tfut ePsf] 5
. To:t} dfcf]jfbL lx+;fsf] qfzbLsf sf/0f hgdfg;sf] df}gtf klg /fhfsf nflu v'/fs
aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ha;Dd bnx? cu|udgsf nflu alnof] Ph]08f af]s]/ cfGbf]ngdf cfpb}gg\,
/fhfnfO{ cfk"m ;'/lIft /x]sf] efg kl//xG5 . o; l:yltdf g]kfnsf] b/af/n]
cfGbf]ngsf] bjfa cg';f/ lgDg /0fgLlt cjnDag ug]{ / ^ r/0faf6 u'h|g] ;+efjgf
b]lvG5 .
!=! klxnf] xf], s7f]/tfk"j{s cfGbf]ngnfO{ bdg ug]{ lgot ;lxt lg/+s'ztGqsf]
h/f uf8\b} hfg] / bnx? cem sdhf]/ b]lvP eg] @)!& ;fns} gd"gf :yflkt
ug]{ . Tof] lbzfdf k~rfotsfnsf clGtd lbgsf k|wfgdGqL dl/rdfg l;+x h:tf JolQmx?nfO{
k|wfgdGqLsf] kbdf lgo'Qm ug]{ ;+efjgf . ;]gfsf k"j{ hg/nx?nfO{ wfld{s ;+:yf
/ ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] cfj/0fdf cl3 ;f/]/ bdg / lx+;f rsf{pg] cleofg k|f/De eO;s]sf]
b]lvG5 eg] xfn a}Ísf] sfnf] ;"lrdf k/]sfx?sf] gfdfjnLdf /fhfsf HjfO{,
ef~hf / dfOh' -dfdf_ sf] gfd klg b]lvG5 . pgLx?n] a}Íaf6 lnPsf] C0f ax'bnLosfn
jf Tof] eGbf cufl8 g} lnPsf x'g\ . /fhfsf] xftdf ;Qf 5b} To;af6 d'lQm kfpg klg
pgLx?n] s7f]/tf cjnDag ug]{ lbzfdf yk bjfa lbg ;S5g .
!=@ bf]>f], a9\bf] cGt/f{li6"o lj/f]w / b]zleqs} pn{bf] gful/s cfGbf]ngsf
sf/0f To;af6 Wofg x6fpg ;'wf/sf] gf6s ug]{ . o;sf nflu /fhfn] ax'bnLo cfj/0fsf
@ hgf lgb{nLo rl/qsf dfG5] k|wfgdGqLsf] ?kdf cl3 ;fg]{ ;+efjgf 5 . tL x'g ;"o{
axfb'/ yfkf / nf]s]Gb| axfb'/ rGb . @)^! df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdkl5 s]lx lbg oL
b'j}nfO{ cGo g]tf ;/x 3/d} gh/aGb /fv]/ b/af/n] eljiodf ;+s6 kbf{ pkof]u ug]{
/0fgLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Tof] ;/sf/sf] x}l;ot ljut s} ;"o{ axfb'/
yfkf ;/sf/sf] eGbf leGg x'g] 5}g .
!=# t]>f], olb /fhgLlts bnx?n] hgtfsf Ph]08fnfO{ u|x0f ug]{ k|of; u/] / cfGbf]ngn]
ult k|fKt u¥of] eg] /fhfn] xtf/ xtf/ g]kfnL sf+u|]; / Pdfn]s} g]tfx?nfO{
cl3 ;f/]/ k|wfgdGqL agfpg' x'g]5 / Tof] ;/sf/sf] x}l;ot klg ljutsf] b]pjf ;/sf/sf]
eGbf leGg x'g] 5}g .
!=$ rf}yf], cfGbf]ng rls{b} uof] eg] /fhfn] k|ltlglw ;ef k'g{:yfkgf u/]/ jf
To; lbzfdf dfu{ k|z:t u/]/ cfk"m hf]lug] k|oTg ug'{ x'g]5 .
!=% kfFrf+}, @)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]gn h:tf], olb cfGbf]ng rls{of] eg] / Ps ;"qLo
dfudf c8\of] eg] /fhfn] ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;xdt eP/ v'§f 6]Sg] k|oTg ug'{ x'g]5
. To;eGbf cufl8 hgdt ;+u|xdf dgfpg] k|of; b/af/n] tLa| ug]{5 .
!=^ 5}7f}+, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf nflu :jtM :k"mt{ cfGbf]ngn] j[xt cfsf/
lnof] / nfvf}+ dflg;x? sf7df8f}+sf ;8sdf pln{P / bnx?n] c8fg lnP eg] b]zdf nf]stflGqs
u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf x'g]5 / ;s];Dd ;Dklt s'DnfP/ /fhfn] b]z 5f]8\g] 5g\ . t/ To;
a]nf klg /fhfn] /fi6"klt aGg vf]h]/ ePklg v'§f 6]Sg] k|of; eg] tLa|
x'g]5 .
cfGbf]ngsf] bjfaaf6 dfq cl3 a9\g] dfly pNn]lvt ^ r/0fsf] ;Gbe{df clxn]sf] cj:yf
eg]sf] b/af/ klxnf]af6 bf]>f]df pSng] gpSng] åGåd} cnlemPsf]
b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ gful/s cfGbf]ngdf b]lvPsf] le8 / a9\bf] cGt/f{li6"o lj/f]wsf
sf/0f b/af/ un]sf] xf] t/ cfGbf]ng/t bnx?sf] oyfl:yltjfbL dfgl;stfn] cGttM xfgL
bnx?nfO{ k'¥ofpF5 .
@= g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf cj:yf M bn / b/af/sf] t'ngfdf g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf]
/f]8Dofk s]lx :ki6 b]lvG5 t/ O/fbf pkof]lutfjfb sf] 5 eg] nIo hgjfbL u0ftGq
. df3 !( kl5sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffkl5 dfcf]jfbLsf] ylkPsf] tx eg]sf] cfGbf]ng/t &
bn;Fusf] ;xsfo{sf] cfx\jfg xf] . ;"qj4 ?kdf x]bf{, of] ^ r/0f o; k|sf/
b]lvG5 .
@=! klxnf] r/0f xf], cfGbf]ng/t ;ft /fhgLlts bn;Fusf] ;xsfo{ . cfwf/e"t
:jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/ ljlxg dfcf]jfbL sfo{z}nL o:df klxnf] jfwf xf] . ha;Dd
lj:yflktx?nfO{ ;-;Ddfg ufpF, 3/ kms{g] jftfj/0f aGb}g, of] Pstfsf] ;+efjgf klg
sfuhd} l;ldt b]lvG5 .
@=@ bf]>f] r/0f xf], uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng .
@=# t]>f] r/0f xf], cGtl/d ;/sf/ jf ;+o'Qm ;/sf/sf] lgdf{0f .
@=$ rf}yf] r/0f xf], ;+ljwfg ;ef .
@=% kfFrf}+ r/0f xf], nf]stflGqs u0ftGq /
@=^ 5}7f}+ r/0f xf], hgjfbL u0ftGq .
@)^! df3 !( cufl8 dfcf]jfbLx?n] uf]nd]r, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] s'/f
ub}{ cfPsf lyP eg] To; k5fl8 klxnf] v'6lsnf]sf] ?kdf bn;Fusf] ;xsfo{, kfFrf}+df
nf]stflGqs u0ftGq / 5}7f}+df hgjfbL u0ftGq b]lvPsf] 5 . df3 !( kl5sf] kl/jlt{t
kl/l:yltdf bn;Fusf] ;xsfo{n] uf]nd]r / cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ lgsf; lbg]
af/] gofF kl/efiff cl3 ;f/]sf] b]lvb}g . dfcf]jfbLx?n] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf]
dfWodaf6} hgjfbL u0ftGqdf xfd kmfNg] gofF cjwf/0ff cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf
nflu ad agfpg hfg]sf] 5, xltof/ Nofpg] ;+oGq yfxf 5 / PDa'; yfKg o'jfk':tfnfO{
k|lzlIft ul/Psf] 5 eg] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] ljGb'df k'u]kl5 :jtM hgjfbL u0ftGq
-sDaf]l8ofdf ;g\ !(&% df h:tf] -cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/ ljlxg_
df k'Ug ;lsG5 eGg] ljZjf;n] sfd u/]sf] b]lvG5 . of] r/0fx? tk{m ofqfsf] klxnf]
v'6lsnf] bnx?;Fusf] ;xsfo{ xf] / clxn] dfcf]jfbL klg klxnf] r/0f jf v'6lsnf]
d} cndlnPsf] b]lvG5 .
#= cfGbf]ng/t & /fhg}lts bnx? M df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdkl5 Psh'6 b]lvPsf
& /fhgLlts bnx? & lt/ kmls{Psf b]lvG5g . logLx? aLr Pstfsf] cfwf/ df3
!( sf] sbdsf] lj/f]w ePklg efjgfTds Pstfsf] cefj 5 / ;fgf] lj/f]wfefif jf cGt/åGå
jf k|nf]egn] of] h'g;'s} a]nf klg 6'lqmg ;Sg] ;+efjgf 5b}5 . kl/jt{gsf s'g}klg
v'6lsnfdf ;j{k|yd cfˆgf] eljio ;'/lIft / ;'lglZrt gb]lvP;Dd oL bnx?df klg
oyfl:yltjfb xfjL eO/xg] ;+efjgf TolQs} k|jn 5 . oL bnx?sf cufl8 klg ^ r/0fsf
;+efjgf 5b} 5g\ / cfGbf]ngsf] bjfjn] dfq clGtd r/0fsf] ofqf to ug{ ;lsG5 . h'g
o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
#=! klxnf], df3 !( sf] /fhfsf] sbd k|lt a9\bf] cGt/f{li6"o lj/f]wsf sf/0f
/fhf s]lx k5fl8 x6\g afWo x'g' kg]{ l:yltdf pxL k/Dk/fut ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf]
cfj/0fdf /fhfåf/f lgo'Qm bnx?sf] ;/sf/ h:sf] x}l;ot ljutdf b]pjf ;/sf/sf]
eGbf leGg x'g] 5}g .
#=@ bf]>f], cfGbf]ngn] ult k|fKt u¥of] eg] ;+;b k'g{:yfkgf . nIoljlxg
;+;bdf ljkIfnfO{ prfNb} b/af/n] v]Ng] v]nsf sf/0f Tof] k'g{:yflkt ;+;b klg cu|udgsf
nflu k|efjsf/L x'g] s'/fdf cfz+sf .
#=# t]>f], ;+;b k'g{:yfkgf u/]kl5 k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu k|of; .
#=$ rf}yf}+, lx+;fTds jf clx+;fTds cfGbf]ng a9\of] eg] hgdt ;+u|xsf] ;+efjgf
.
#=% kfFrf}+, To:t} cfGbf]ng rls{b} uPdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] 3f]if0ff /
#=^ 5}7f}+, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf .
cfGbf]ng/t /fhgLlts bnx? aLr låljwf, nf]e / ;+;onfO{ x]bf{ pgLx? clxn]
klxnf] r/0faf6 dfly p7\g g;s]sf] cj:yf 5n{Ë b]lvG5 .
$= gful/s cfGbf]ng M gful/s ;dfhsf] cËsf] ?kdf g]kfnsf s[ofzLn ljleGg
;+:yfx?sf cf-cfˆgf wf/0ff jf Ph]08f x'g;S5g t/ clxn] b]zdf p7]sf] gful/s
cfGbf]ngsf] 3f]lift nIo eg]sf] nf]stGq / zflGt xf] . zflGt cyf{t\ :yfoL zflGt
h:sf nflu nf]stGq cyf{t\ /fhf/lxtsf] Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf . o:sf nflu ;j{q bjfj
lbg], hgdt lgdf{0f ug]{ / zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf ;dflxt x'g] o:sf] p2]Zo
xf] . h'g ^ j6f o; k|sf/ 5g\ .
$=! klxnf], /fhgLlts zlQmnfO{ alnof] agfpg' cyf{t\ hftLo / wfld{s pGdfbdf d'n'snfO{
km:g glbg' . ljz]if u/]/ b/af/n] wfld{s cfj/0fdf pGdfbLx?sf] le8 v8f ug{ vf]h]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf cltjfbL cfj]uaf6 d'n'snfO{ hf]ufpg' .
$=@ bf]>f], jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf cfGbf]ng/t & /fhgLlts bnnfO{ g} d2t ug'{
t/ tL bnx?n] hgtfx?sf] Ph]08fx?nfO{ u|x0f ug'{kg]{ .
$=# t]>f], clx+;fTds cfGbf]ngnfO{ g} an k'¥ofpg' / clx+;fTds g} /xg'
.
$=$ rf}yf], nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgfsf nflu zflGtk"0f{ ;+efjgfnfO{ klxNofpg'
/ /Qmkft ljlxg kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug'{ .
$=% kfFrf}+, nf]stflGqs ;+:s[lt, zflGt ;+:s[lt / dfgj clwsf/ ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|a4{g
ug'{ . o:sf nflu dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/nfO{ Ph]08f
agfpg tLa| bjfj lbg' / bnx?n] eljiodf dfgj clwsf/ Ph]08fnfO{ u|x0f ub}{ nfu'
ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ /
$=^ 5}7f}+, kl/jt{g g]kfndf lglZrt 5 t/ To:tf] kl/jt{gsf pknlAwsf] hu]gf{, ;+/If0f
/ lg/Gt/tfsf nflu ;+/rgf lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg' / clx+;f ;b\efj ;lxi0f'tfsf] ;+:s[ltdf
an k'¥ofpg' .
%= s[lqd Pstf M clxn] aflx/af6 x]bf{ Ps yf]s b]lvP klg leq s[lqdtfn]
af; kfPsf] 5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5 .
%=! klxnf], ;ft bnaLrsf] Pstf efjgfTds geP/ df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdsf] k|ltlqmof
:j?k c8]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ljrf/ / sfo{qmdn] Pstfdf afWg ;s]g eg], of] Pstfdf Kjfn
kg]{ k|jn ;+efjgf 5 .
%=@ bf]>f], dfcf]jfbL / bnaLrsf] s[lqd jftf{ . cyf{t\ df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdn]
dfcf]jfbL / bnnfO{ jftf{ u/L ;xsfo{ ug{ 3r]8]sf] dfq xf] t/ of] sfof{Gjog x'g]
Go"g ;+efjgf 5 . lj:yflktx?nfO{ ;-;Ddfg 3/ kms{g] jftfj/0f dfcf]jfbLn]
l;h{gf u/]gg\ eg] / bnx?n] ljut !) jif{df dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3g ljz]if u/]/ u}/Goflos
xTofsf] lhDd]jf/L lnb} kLl8tsf kl/jf/nfO{ /fxt lbg] 3f]if0ff u/]gg\ eg] jf egf}
Ifdf ofrgf u/]gg\ eg] b'j} tk{msf kLl8tx?sf] cfFz'sf] e]ndf bn-dfcf]jfbL Pstf
au]/ hfg] ;+efjgf 5 .
%=# t]>f], bn / b/af/aLrsf] s[lqd Pstf . Psyl/n] bn / b/af/ ldNg'k5{ eg]/
hlt;''s} /fu cnfk] klg df3 !( kl5 bn / b/af/sf] Pstf s[lqd 7xl/g]5 . bnsf s]lx
lhDd]jf/ g]tfx?sf] b/af/k|ltsf] df]xn] cGttM bnx?nfO{ k'm6fpg] / c;fGble{s agfpg]
;+efjgf k|jn 5 .
%=$ rf}yf], dfcf]jfbL / b/af/aLrsf] ;+efljt s[lqd Pstf .
ljutdf, jt{dfg dGqL kl/ifb\sf pkfWoIf lslt{lglw lji6n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ /fi6"jfbL
zlQm 3f]if0ff u/]sf], jt{dfg dGqL d08nsf k//fi6" dGqL /d]zgfy kf08]n] cfk"mn]
e]6]sf dfcf]jfbL g]tfx? eofgs b]zeQm ePsf] eGg] h:tf ;xfg'e"lt clxn] cfP/
zq'tfdf cg'jfb ePsf] x'g;S5 . ax'bnLo k|0ffnLnfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ qmddf /fhf jL/]Gb|
/ dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] sfo{ut Pstfsf] dfcf]jfbL g]tfåf/} :jLsf/f]lQm, zq'sf]
zq' ldq x'G5 eGg] dfgl;stfsf] pkh x'g;S5 / clxn] k'm6ansf] uf]nkf]i6 ablnPsf]
b]lvG5 . tyflk b/af/;Fu} ldn]/ hfg'k5{ eGg] dfcf]jfbL leqsf] Pp6f 3';k}7 ;d"xsf]
cl:tTjnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g . /0fgLlts rft'{otfsf] gfddf b/af/ / dfcf]jfbLaLr s[lqd
;xL t/ Ps lsl;dsf] ;xsfo{sf] ;+efjgf cfˆg} 7fpFdf 5 .
%=% kfFrf}+, gful/s ;dfh / bnaLrsf] Pstf M gful/s cfGbf]ngn] /fhgLlts zlQmnfO{
alnof] agfpg] / & bnsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;3fpg] eg]/ 3f]if0ff u/]klg To:sf]
a9\bf] k|efjnfO{ b]v]/ s]lx bnsf g]tfx? g} of] Pstf s[lqd agfpg nfu]sf] b]lvG5
. gful/s cfGbf]ng a9\b} uof] eg] /fhf;Fu ;'6'Ss ;Demf}tf ug{ ;lsb}g eg]/ cflQPsfx?
g} Hofbf rnv]n ul//x]sf] kfOG5 .
%=^ 5}7f}+, gful/s ;dfh / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] s[lqd Pstf M gful/s ;dfhs} Pp6} ;fgf]
lx:;f /fhfsf] lj/f]wdf dfcf]jfbL;Fu 3fF6L hf]8g' k5{ eg]/ cEof; ul//x]sf] klg
x'g;S5 . cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/ ljlxg dfcf]jfbL;Fu 3fF6L hf]8\g'
eg]sf] cfTdxTof ;/x xf] eGg] s'/fdf gful/s cfGbf]ng :ki6 5 . /x\of] s'/f b/af/;Fu
gful/s cfGbf]ngsf] ;+jfb jf ;xsfo{sf] h'g c;+ej 5 . gful/s cfGbf]ngn] cfk"m
b/af/;+u jftf{df ghfg] / s'g} ;/sf/L kb u|x0f gug]{ tYo :ki6 ul/;s]sf] 5 .
^= g]tf k|wfg xf]Og, gLlt k|wfg x'g'kg]{ M ljBdfg cj:yfdf /fhgLts bnsf
g]tfx? h:tf] ;'s} cj:yfdf klg cfˆg} eljio / efUo ;'lglZrt ePsf] b]Vg rflx/x]sf
5g\ . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf zAbdf u0ftGqsf] gf/f eg]sf]
jfu]{lgªsf] Pp6f kQf xf] . Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf nflu u0ftGq
eg]sf] kmut k|wfgdGqLsf] l6sf yfKg] l;9L . z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf nflu u0ftGqsf]
gf/f eg]sf] e|i6frf/ lj?4sf] zfxL cfof]u vf/]hLsf nflu n]gb]g jf df]ntf]nsf]
Pp6f uf]6L . ha;Dd of] ;+;o / låljwf ;dfKt x'Fb}g hgtf bnx?sf] cfGbf]ngdf
cfpg] l:ylt b]lvb}g . g]tf k|wfg xf]Og, gLlt k|wfg geP;Dd hgtfn] bndfly k"0f{
ljZjf; ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . /fhfsf] lg/+s'ztfn] sfg"g ljlxg /fHonfO{ /fHoljlxgtfdf
cg'jfb ug{;S5 . o;} klg d'n'sdf ^ j6f hl6ntf oyfjt 5g\ .
^=! Ps s[lqd Pstf h:sf] dfly JofVof eO;s]sf] 5 .
^=@ bf]>f], lj:yflktx?sf] eljio .
^=# t]>f], dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] lzsf/ ePsf dfly Gofo .
^=$ rf}yf], xltof/sf] Joj:yfkgsf] hl6n d'2f .
^=% kfFrf}+, b'O{yl/ ;]gfsf] ;dfof]hggsf] hl6n ljifo /
^=^ 5}7f}+, l5d]sL;Fusf] ;xsfo{ .
o;/L x]bf{ /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] jt{dfg ;/sf/sf] rl/q Wj+;fTds b]lvG5
. of];Fu l;h{gfTds Ph]08f 5}g . cyf{t\ c?sf] cGt/åGånfO{ rsf{P/
/fhfsf] zf;g cfo'nfO{ nDAofpg] jfx]s of];Fu zflGt k|ult / ;d[l4sf] s'g} Ph]08f
5}g . bnx? / dfcf]jfbLsf] sdhf]/L /fhfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfut ePsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbL lx+;fsf] qf; b]vfP/ ;Qfsf] cjlw nDAofpg] / To;f] x'g g;s] dfcf]jfbL;Fu
jftf{sf] k|s[of cl3 ;f/]/ ePklg zf;g ul//xg] /fhfsf] ;f]r b]lvG5 . cfuf] nufpg]n]
lgefpg] k|ljlw vf]h]g eg] cfˆg} 3/ klg v/fgL x'g;S5 . /fhtGq /x];Dd ;d:ofx?
/lx/xG5g . nf]stflGqs u0ftGq cfpF5 eg] clx+;fTds cfGbf]ngaf6 dfq cfpF5 .
g]tfeGbf hgtf cufl8
s[i0f kxf8L
cu:6 @@, @))%
/}ltsf] ?kdf xfd|f] hGd of] e"lddf eof] . k|hfsf] ?kdf xfdL olx x'ls{of}+
t/ xfdL gful/ssf] ?kdf olx dg{ rfxG5f}+ . xfdL ljj]sz'Go xf]Og, ljj]s ;Ddt 9Ën]
afFRg rfxG5f}+ . hLjgsf >0fx?nfO{ dfgjtfsf] ;]jfdf ck{0f ug{ rfxG5f}+ . JolQmsf]
xf]Og -ljlwsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, x's'dsf] xf]Og -Gofosf] ljlzi6tf / lgufxsf] xf]Og
-clwsf/sf] k|fr"o{tf cfd g]kfnLsf] rfxgf xf] .
zfob To;}n] xf]nf df3 !( kl5 /fhfsf] zf;gdf g]kfnn] ef]Ug' k/]sf] kL8f / b'u{ltsf]
af/] v'n]/ jx; x'g yfn]sf] 5 / nf]stGqsf nflu gful/s cfGbf]ng klg tLa| x'Fb}
5 . t/ sDd/ s:g' kg]{ /fhgLlts bnx? eg] clxn] klg låljwfn] u|:t b]lvG5g\
. ;fpg @! ut] nf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu gful/s cfGbf]ngsf] cfof]hgfdf sf7df8f}+sf]
gofF jfg]Zj/df P]ltxfl;s cfd;ef ;DkGg eof] . P]ltxfl;s o; cy{df ls hghLjgnfO{
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ljleGg ;d'bfosf JolQmx?n] v'n]/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] pb\3f]if
u/] . g]kfndf /fhtGq /x];Dd :yfoL zflGt / k|ult ;Dej gePsf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff
ul/of] . g]kfnsf] /fhtGq /fli6"o Pstfsf] jfws ePsf] 7x/ ul/of] . uGwj{n]
uLt ufP, slj, sjoqLx?n] sljtf kf7 u/], jQmfx?n] ljrf/ /fv] / ufosx?n] nf]stGqsf]
kIfdf :j/ p/fn] . ef]lnkN6sf cvaf/df jQmfsf] ljrf/;Fu} sljsf] sljtf klg ;dfrf/
ag]/ k|sflzt eof] . cfGbf]ng/t ;ft bnsf zLif{:y g]tfx?n] >f]tf eP/ gful/s
;dfhsf] ljrf/ ;'g] . @)$& ;fnsf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf lgdf{tfx? k"j{
k|wfgGofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofo / GofofwLz nId0f cof{nn] d~rs} Ps efudf a;]/ ljrf/
;'lg/xg' ePsf] lyof] . cs:dft 7"nf] kfgL k¥of] . t/ bs]{ em/Ln] g t
>f]tfx?nfO{ ljrlnt t'Nofof] g t g]tfx?nfO{ . sfo{qmdsf] vr{ wfGg Tolx tGgf
yfk]/ ;xof]u dfluof] / c7f/ xhf/ Ps}l5gdf p7\of] . nf]stGqsf] cfGbf]ngdf b]lvPsf]
Tof] ckf/ ;dy{gn] g} gofF jfg]Zj/sf] ;efnfO{ P]ltxfl;s t'Nofof] .
gful/sx? o;/L h'd{'/fPkl5 g]kfnsf] /fhgLltdf 7"nf] xnrn / t/Ë k}bf
eof] . ænf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu gful/s cfGbf]ngÆ s} cfof]hgfdf ;fpg
#@ ut] sf7df8f}+sf] j;Gtk'/df csf]{ P]ltxfl;s sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . g]kfnLdf
dfq xf]Og g]jf/Ldf klg sljtf kf7 eof] . jQmf dfq xf]Og, snfsf/x? ;d]t /fhtGq
/ xTof lx+;fsf] ljkIfdf v'n]/ cfP . ;ef:yndf % j6f 7"nf sf6'{gx? k|bz{g
ul/Psf] lyof] . d~rs} 5]pmdf, /fhtGq n]lvPsf] 7"nf] 9'Ëf]nfO{ g]kfnL
hgtfn] le/af6 v;fnL /x]sf] sf6'{g 6fFluPsf] lyof] . hlt hlt ;ef cufl8 a9\b}
uof], dflg;x? emg} pT;flxt x'Fb} uP . ;efsf] pQ/f4{df crfgs Ps x'n k|x/Lx? Kn]sf8{
vf]:g] lgx'Fdf le8leq 3';] / lgx'F vf]Hg yfn] . bz{sx?n] klg hd]/ k|ltjfb u/]
. s]lxa]/ ;ef ljyf]lnof] t/ lg/Gt/sf] cfu|xkl5 zfGt eof] / k]ml/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng
eof] . ;f9] tLg 306f;Dd a;Gtk'/df pln{Psf] dfgj ;fu/n] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf]
kIfdf pT;fxjw{s P]Soj4tf hgfO/x\of] . ;a}n] v'n]/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] dfu bf]xf]¥ofO/x]
.
zfob Tolx pT;fxaf6 tl;{P/ xf]nf, /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] a;Gtk'/ ;ef ljyf]Ng vf]h]sf]
lyof] . le8df lgxF' vf]Hb} k|x/L k;fOlbg] / e8sfpg] / 3';k}7 u/fPsf /fHos} cg'r/x?sf]
;xof]udf czflGt k}mnfpg] / ltt/ ljt/ u/fpg] if8oGq To; lbg kbf{kmf; eof] . olb
To;f] ePsf] eP cfGbf]ngdf a9\bf] le8nfO{ bËf km;fb x'G5 eGg] qf; b]vfP/
eljiodf /f]Sg ;lsG5 eGg] ;/sf/L dfgl;stf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ >f]tfx?sf] b[9tf,
cfof]hsx?sf] ;'e'ma'em cflbsf sf/0fn] ;/sf/L if8oGq ;kmn x'g;s]g . xftdf O§f
af]s]/ le8df 3';fPsf ltgsf dfG5] eGbf nf]stGqsf] lgi7f af]s]/ hDdf ePsf cfd
hgtfsf] efjgf k|jn eof] . dflg;x?n] tg dgn] dfq xf]Og wgn] klg ;xof]u u/] /
csf]{ cfGbf]ngsf nflu @) xhf/ ;xof]u klg Tolxaf6 h'6\of] . /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf
clxn] /fHo k"0f{t if8oGqsf/Lx?sf] sAhfdf k/]sf] 5 . if8oGqsf/Lx? ;+ul7t
5g\ eg] gful/s ;dfh efjgf, k|lta4tf / lgi7fn] dfq rn]sf] 5 . bnx?sf] ;+;o /
clg0f{oaf6 9'Ss b]lvPsf] g]kfnsf] b/af/ gful/sx?sf] cfGbf]ngaf6 tl;{Psf] 5 /
s]lx xb;Dd ljrlnt ePsf] 5 . gful/s cfGbf]ngn] nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] dfunfO{ :yflkt
u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqsf] wf/0ff lnP/ lx8g]x?sf nflu hgtfdf s'g} ljZjf;
gx'g] tk{m ;r]t u/fPsf] 5 . hgtfdf hfg' 5 / :yflkt x'g' 5 eg] lj:yflkt eO;s]sf]
vf]qmf] /fhtGq lj?4 uf]na4 x'g cfx\jfg u/]sf] 5 .
ha;Dd /fhgLlts bnx? hfUb}gg\ ta;Dd /fHodfly bfFO{ ul//xg kfOG5 / g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
hf]lt/xg kfOG5 eGg] nf]en] plk|mPsf b/af/Lx? gful/s cfGbf]ngaf6 ql;t eP/ clxn]
e|d / ljt08f l;h{gf ug{ Jo:t 5g\ . of] e|d / ljt08fsf] lzsf/ cfGbf]ng/t bns}
s]lx g]tf ;d]t x'g' eg] b'Mvb / b'ef{Uok""0f{ 5 . /fhgLltnfO{ hldGbf/L
/ hflu/ 7flg/x]sf, hgtf eGbf klg b/af/sf] d'v tfs]/ ;Demf}tfsf nflu xft k;fl//x]sf
/fhgLlts bnleqsf s]lx 7"nf 7fn'x? klg O{iof{n' :jefjsf sf/0fn] xf] jf kbf{
k5fl8sf] ;Demf}tfsf sf/0f clxn] nf]stGqsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 ;+;lst ePsf] / v'§f
sdfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ g]kfnL hgtf tL g]tfx? eGbf w]/} cl3 a9L ;s] .
cltjfbsf b'O{ wf/
s[i0f kxf8L
cu:6 !$, @))%
s]lx lbg klxn] sflnsf]6sf] lknLdf dfcf]jfbL b:tfn] ;'v]{t-h'Dnf /fhdfu{ lgdf{0fsf
;Gbe{df ;'/Iffsf nflu vl6Psf] ;]gfsf] b:tfdfly eofgs cfqmd0f u/] . ;]gf / dfcf]jfbL
b'j} kIfsf u/L bh{gf} dflg;x? dfl/Psf] / s]lx bh{g ;}lgsnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] aGbL
agfPsf] ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfof] . dfl/Psf ;}lgsx? dWo] s]lxnfO{ sAhfdf lnPkl5 ljeT;
tl/sfn] xTof ePsf] cf/f]k ;]gfn] nufof] . pQm cf/f]ksf ;Gbe{df 5fgljg u/L ;To
tYo k|sfzdf cfpg' k5{ . olb ;]gfn] nufPsf] cf/f]k ;To xf] eg] dfcf]jfbL n8fs'
b:tfs]f q"m/tf / aa{/tfsf] lgGbf t x'G5 g} t/ To:tf] aa{/ b:tfaf6 ef]lnsf]
g]kfnn] s] cfzf ug{ ;Snf < pQm cf/f]k ;To xf] eg], cGttM dfcf]jfbLn] g]kfnnfO{
sDaf]l8of agfpg vf]h]sf] cf/f]knfO{ g} an k'U5 .
/fHosf ;]gf / ;z:q ljb|f]xL aLrsf] le8Gtdf d"ntM cGt/f{li6"o dfgjLo
sfg"gsf] kfngf clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . To:tf] sfg"gsf] pNn+3gn] ljb|f]xL
jf /fHosf ;]gfnfO{ ck/fwLx?sf] >]0fLdf v;fNg ;S5 eGg] x]Ssf ;a}n] /fVg'k5{
. sflnsf]6df cfqmd0f ljs6 af6f] lgdf{0fsf nflu vl6Psf] b:tfdfly ePsf] 5 / olb
ef}lts ;+/rgf / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k|s[ofdf ;+nUg lgsfodfly cfqmd0f x'Fbf To:sf]
b'/ufdL kl/0ffd s:tf] x'g;S5 eGg] tk{m klg ;DalGwt kIfn] Vofn /fVg' k5{ .
Psflt/ dfcf]jfbL n8fs'dfly q'm/tf / aa{/tfsf] uDeL/ cf/f]k 5 eg] csf]{lt/ zfxL
g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg ;]gfkltn] le8Gtkl5 sflnsf]6sf] lknLdf uP/ gf/f nufPsf] b[Zon]
w]/}n] cfZro{df kf/]sf] 5 / csf]{ pb]s ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . ;]gfsf] dgf]jn v:sg'df
k|d'v sf/0f s] xf] eGg] vf]hljg tk{m gnfu]/, k|wfg ;]gfklt lknLdf uP/ æ>L
% dxf/fhlw/fh ;/sf/sf] hoÆ eGg] gf/f nufO/xg'' ePsf] lyof] eg] ljs6 kxf8df
ljnvjGbdf k/]sf ;]gfnfO{ æhoÆ eGg afWo t'NofO/xg' ePsf] lyof] .
sflnsf]6df uP/ 6]lnlehg dfk{mt ;f/f ;+;f/nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;]gf /fhfsf] kIfdf 5
eGg] ;Gb]z k|;f/0f ug{ vf]Hg'sf] tfTko{ s] x'g;S5 < zfob of] ;To rf8} k|s6
xf]nf .
b]zsf] ;]gfn] sflnsf]6df Iflt Joxf]l//x]sf] a]nf sf7df8f}+df u0ftGqsf] ax; tLa|
5 . ;+If]kdf eGg' kbf{ hg dfg;af6 6fFl9Psf] ;]gfn] uf]nL cf]sNg ;S5 t/ ljZjf;
lhTg ;Sb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfGbf]ng/t k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx?n] hgtfsf] efjgfnfO{
tLa| lgsf; lbg ;s]gg eg] c/fhstf pTkGg x'g;S5 . gful/s ;dfh ænf]stflGqs
u0ftGqÆ sf] dfu lnP/ clxn] ;8sdf pq]sf] 5, zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf
t/ /fhgLlts bnx? eg] sf]7f leqs} uf]i7L / jx;df l;ldt 5g\ . gful/s cfGbf]ng
/fhgLlts zlQmnfO{ alnof] agfp eG5 t/ /fhgLlts bnx? clxn] klg clg0f{osf] aGbL
cj:yfaf6 d'Qm ePsf 5}gg\ . /fhfsf] sf/fuf/ eGbf g]tf / bnsf] dfgl;s clg0f{osf]
cj:yf bnx?sf nflu 3fts 5 .
clxn] /fhtGqsf] rrf{ ubf{ k/lhjLsf] ?kdf æ6]k jd{Æ sf] ?kdf lrlqt
ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . cyf{t\ dfG5]sf] cfGb|fdf x's{g] k/lhjL . of] hlt a9\b} hfG5,
la/fdL l;l4b} hfG5 . ha cf}ifwL vfg z'? x'G5 ta of] 36\5 t/ Pp6f ljGb'df l;ldt
/x]/ cfGb|fdf 6fFl;O/xG5 / k'gM df}sf kfpgf ;fy jf}/G5 .
jg:kltsf] pbfx/0f lb+bf g]kfnsf] /fhtGq lkr/ KnfG6 h:tf] 5 . k}mlnPsf e'hfx?df
lzsf/ kgf{ ;fy o:n] d'l s:5 / /; r';]/ vf]:6f] agfP/ ˆofS5 .
k|f0fLx?sf] s'/f ubf{ of] uf]xL h:tf] 5 ;Sg] hlt h:nfO{ klg vfG5 .
clxn] /fhtGqsf] ck/fwL rl/qsf] af/]df wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs ug]{ qmd tLa| ePsf] 5
. :jb]zL dfq xf]Og, ljb]zL lj1x?n] ;d]t o; af/] efjgf JoQm ub}{5g\ . cd]l/sfsf
k"j{ l;g]6/ yf]d 8\of;n / jt{dfg l;g]6/ Kofl6"s n]lxsf ljrf/ ;fj{hlgs
ePsf] nuQ} g]kfn l:yt cd]l/sL /fhb"tn] klg jt{dfg ;/sf/df ck/fwLx? lgo'Qm
ePsf] / k~rfotsflng cg'xf/x?sf] afx'Notf ePsf] s'/f p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . o:tf ck/fwLx?
s:sf] cf8df /fhfaf6 lgo'Qm x'b}5g < pQ/ ;/n 5, aGb'ssf] cf8df . cyf{t\ aGb'ssf]
;+:s[ltn] ;[hgf u/]sf] kl/0ffd xf] of] . clg s;/L ;]gfn] hgtfsf] ljZjf; lhTg
;S5 . g]kfndf aGb'sn] tl;{P/ s]xL lbg dfG5] r'k a:g ;Snfg t/ cGt/f{li6"o
hutdf g]kfnsf] :jfledfg g'x]sf] 5 . /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] g]kfnsf] x'd{t lng' ePsf]
5 .
/fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf ul7t ;/sf/df ck/fwL / a}+ssf] sfnf] ;"lrdf k/]sf dfG5]
;dflji6 ePsf] ;Gbe{df To:sf] k[i7e"dL tk{m hfbf Pp6f rl/q pbfËf] x'G5
.
pbfxf/0fsf nflu, Pp6f 8fS6/ s'g} ;fj{hlgs kbdf k'Uof] eg] p:n] Tolx k]zfsf s]lx
dfG5]nfO{ tfGg] k|oTg u5{ . lsgls p:sf] ;Dks{ / p7 a; Tolx Hofbf x'G5 . o;}
u/L hf] h'g k]zf / k[i7e"dLaf6 p7]/ cfPsf] xf] p:n] Tolx k]zfsf dfG5]nfO{
klxn] b]V5 . jt{dfg ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj ul//xg' ePsf /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] k[i7e"dL
g} ck/flws 5 eg] pxfFn] klg Tolx If]qsf dfG5]nfO{ dGqLd08ndf tfGg' eof] of /f]Hg'
eof] . of] rl/q sf] s'/f xf] . of] rl/qn] g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f xf]Og ;j{gf; u5{
.
æ;j{q z'? ePsf] ck/fwLs/0fÆ
s[i0f kxf8L
cui6 $, @))%
g]kfn clxn] ck/fwLx?sf nflu :ju{ ag]sf] 5 . /fHosf] ck/fwLs/0f ePsf] 5 . /fhfaf6
lgo'lQm kfpg]x? ljutdf s'g} g s'g} ck/fwdf h]n ;hfo ef]u]sf / 8fldPsf x'Fbf
/x]5g . o; l:yltdf :jfledfgx? cfˆg} lx;fjn] cl3 al9/x]sf5g\ . df3 !( sf]
zfxL sbdn] g]kfnsf] zfxL ;]gfsf] ljZj;gLotfdf klg uDeL/ cf3ft kf/]sf] b]lvPsf]
5 . clxn] k|fo ;dfrf/ ;'lgG5 ls ;'/IffsdL{sf] kl/jf/dfly dfcf]jfbL HofbtL a9]sf]
5 . ltgsf 3/df tfnfaGbL x'g yfn]sf] 5 . t/ klg cfh dfG5]sf] dgdf s'g} xnrn 5}g
. sf/0f s] x'g;S5 < hghLjgsf] d"nwf/af6 ;]gf lsg o;/L PlSnPsf] 5 <
sf/0f :ki6 5, dfcf]jfbL l+x+;fsf qf;n] g]kfnsf] ;]gf cfˆgf] ufpF 3/ hfg
;Sb}gg\ . bz} / ltxf/ h:tf rf8 dgfpg 3/ hfg ;Sb}gg\ . cfˆg} kl/jf/sf] ;'/Iff
ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t/ nf]stGqsf kIfw/ /fhgLlts bn, ljBfyL{ / gful/s ;dfhsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{
eg] aGb's t];f{P/ /fhfsf] k[i7-kf]if0f ul//x]sf5g\ . of] eGbf v]b / UnfgLsf]
ljifo c? s] x'g;S5 .
slyt /fi6"jfbL lzIffsf] lj/f]wdf ljBfyL{x? ;8sdf plqP . ck/fwLx? /fhf aGg
;Sb}gg\ / ck/fwLx?n] ;+;f/df sxL klg zf;g ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . t/ /fi6"jfbL lzIffsf]
gfddf kf7\ok':tsdf /fhf, pxfFsf kl/jf/sf] kmf]6f] 5fk]/ lzIffnfO{ k~rfotLs/0f
dfq xf]Og ck/fwLs/0f ug{ sl:;Psf] /fhfsf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/sf] lj?4df :jfledfg
ljBfyL{x?n] ultnf] emfk8 lbP . olx qmddf kqmfp k/] -g]lj;+3sf pkfWoIf k|bLk
kf}8]n, cg]/f:jljo'sf dxf;lrj 7fs'/ u}/] / ;/f]h yfkf, k'ik zfxL gf/fo0f ef/tL
/ jLkL /]UdL . oL ljBfyL{x?nfO{ lgs} lbg y'g]kl5 ?= %))÷- w/f}6L /fVg
elgP5 . a? h]n hfg] t/ w/f}6L g/fVg] oL ljBfyL{ g]tfx?sf] :jfledfg lg0f{on]
clxn] w]/}sf] dg lht]sf] 5 .
;fpg !) ut] nf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu gful/s cfGbf]ngn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] k|bz{gdf
cfklQhgs gf/f nufPsf] / lgif]wf1f tf]8]sf] eGg] cf/f]k ;lxt clxn] csf{ ljBfyL{
g]tf uug yfkfnfO{ /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] æ/fHo lj?4sf] ck/fwÆ nufPsf] 5
. gful/s ;dfhn] pQm cfGbf]ngsf] lhDd]jf/L cfˆgf] sfFwdf lnPsf] 5 / ;S5f}
eg] xfdLnfO{ y'g eg]/ /fhfnfO{ r'gf}lt lbPsf] 5 . oyfy{df /fhtGqsf] cGTosf]
dxfg nIo af]s]/ cfGbf]lnt gful/s ;dfhnfO{ t;f{pg] p2]Zon] uug yfkfsf] lu/ˆtf/L
ePsf] x'g;S5 t/ Tof] klg /fhfsf nflu k|To'Tkfbs ePsf] 5 . sf/0f /fhfsf] lj/f]w
ubf{ h]n hfg' k/] ca xhf/f}+ :jfledfg gful/sx? tof/ x'Fb}5g\ . nf]stGqsf] cfGbf]ngdf
/fHo lj?4sf] ck/fwsf] cf/f]k dfq xf]Og, d["To'nfO{ g} j/0f ug{ ;d]t kl5
gkg]{ y'k|} of]4fx? hGdb}5g\ . g]kfnn] ;w} /fhtGqsf sf/0f ef]lu/xg' k/]sf] kL8fnfO{
cGTo ug{ clxn] w]/} h'd{'/fpg yfn]sf 5g\ .
oyfy{df :jfledfg / bf;x?sf] lsQf clxn] :ki6 5'l6Psf] 5 . Psflt/ kqsf/ dxf;+3
h:tf] ;+:yf 5 h'g k|]; :jtGqtf / nf]stGqsf nflu @)^! df3 !( b]lv g} zflGtk"0f{
tj/df cfGbf]ng/t 5 . Tof] cfGbf]ngaf6 cflQP/ b/af/n] lg/+s'ztGqsf] jsfnt ug]{
kqsf/x?sf] Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"x agfP5 . To;/L vf]lnPsf] b/af/ k/:t kqsf/x?sf]
Tof] ;fgf] ;d"xn] klxnf] sfo{qmd eg] /fhb/af/sf] Pp6f gjhft lzz'sf] hGd
lbg dgfP/ u/]5g\ . bf;x?sfnflu of] :jefljs x'g;S5 t/ :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf nfUg]x?
eg] o;nfO{ cfTdxTof ;/x 7fG5g . bf; / :jfledfgx? ljrsf] ;+3if{df lht :jfledfgx?s}
x''G5 .
tyflk /fhgLlts bnx?n] klg ck]lIft dfqfdf ult lng ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . pgLx?;Fu :ki6
b[li6sf]0f 5}g . bnleqsf kmf]xf]/ d}nfnfO{ a9f/]/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ ult k|bfg ug'{sf]
;f6f] pN6f] sfvL Rofk]/ g]tfx? cfk}m c;fGble{s x'Fb}5g .
k'/f0f cg';f/ lzjn] klg sfns'6 ljif u|x0f u/]sf lyP / ljifsf] k|efjn] lzjsf]
z/L/ lgnf] ePsf] lyof], To;}n] lgns07 gfdfs/0f ul/of] . g]kfnsf] k|d'v /fhgLlts
bnsf g]tfx? klg k'/fgf ljs[lt / lj;+ultnfO{ cfk}m sfvL Roflk/x]sf 5g\ dfgf}
nfU5 ls pgLx?df cfk"m ælgns07Æ ePsf] e|d 5 . lgns07 aGg] w'gdf
ljifsf] k|efjn] ;dfKt x'OG5 eg] k6Ss} lrGtf b]lvb}g . gful/s ;dfhsf] cfGbf]ngn]
bnx?nfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 t/ pgLx? hgtfn] ;f]r] h:tf] ;'lw|g tof/ 5}gg\ . csf]{lt/
g]skf dfcf]jfbL 5, ToxfFleq klg g]t[Tj / kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffsf ljkl/t lgxTyf dflysf]
cTofrf/ hf/L 5 . k|d'v bnx? leqsf] ;':t dfgl;stf / dfcf]jfbL leqsf] r/d c/fhstf,
cGttM oL b'a}n] /fhfsf] lg/+s'ztfnfO{ g} an k'¥ofp5g / nf]stGq :yfkgfdf
afwf k''-ofp5 .
g]kfn lgbfPsf] 5}g
s[i0f kxf8L
h'nfO{ #!, @))%
laqmd ;Djt\ @)^@ ;fn ;fpg !) ut] cyf{t ;g\ @))% sf] h'nfO{ @% tfl/vsf lbg ck/fXg
$ ah] sf7df8f}+, ef]6flx6Ldf e]nf eO{ nf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu g]kfnsf ;r]t /
k|a'4 gful/sx?n] hg:t/af6} cfGbf]ngsf] z'?jft u/] . ljut s]xL ;dob]lv w]/} JolQm
/ ;+3÷;+:yfsf aLr ePsf] 5nkmnsf] kl/0ffd :j?k of] cfGbf]ngsf] hu a;]sf]
lyof] . To;}sf] kl/0ffd lyof] ænf]stGq / zflGtsf nflu gful/s cfGbf]ngÆ
sf] 3f]if0ff . cfGbf]ngsf] nIo÷p2]Zo nf]stGq / zflGt xf] eGg] tYo o;sf]
gfdaf6 g} :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5 eg] ;+3if{sf] dfWod clgjfo{ ?kdf clx+;fTds ultljlw
x'g] klg :ki6 / ;j{ljlbt} lyof] . ænf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf k5fl8 hgtf 5}gg\,
To;}n] /fhfsf] clwgfosjfbL zf;g lg/Gt/ /xg]5Æ eGg] kmf]xf]/sf] v]tL ub}{
cfPsf b/af/Lx?nfO{ ;fpg !) ut]sf] lj/f]w k|bz{gsf sf/0f 7"nf] rf]6 nfu]sf]
:ki6 b]lvGYof] . b]zsf k|a'4 a'l4hLjL, n]vs, kqsf/, slj, snfsf/, jlsn, dfgj
clwsf/jfbL, blnt, hghftL, ljBfyL{x?sf] olt 7"nf] pkl:ylt /x\of] ls To;}sf
sf/0f /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;/sf/n] if8oGqk"j{s k|bz{gnfO{ ltt/ljt/ ug]{
of]hgf agfof] . cyf{t lgif]wf1f tf]8\g] 3f]if0ff ;lxt /Tgkfs{tk{m a9]sf] le8nfO{
lu/ˆtf/ gu/]/ an k|of]uaf6 eufpg] /0fgLlt pgLx?n] cjnDag u/] . klxnf] k+lQmdf
/x]sf gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jfx?sf] Ps hTyfnfO{ kq]mkl5 afFsLdfly k|x/Ln] nf7L k|xf/
ug{ yfNof] / a'6n] lxsf{pg yfNof] . t/ klg sf]xL ljrlnt ePgg\ .
cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfsf] ;+3if{df xf]ldPsf dfG5]x? nf]stGqsf] dfu ub}{ cljrlnt
?kdf k|bz{gdf ;l/s eO/x] . 5]pmdf /x]sf] k'/fgf] b/af/ xfO:s"nsf] e\mofndf
a;]/ ;fgf-;fgf efOalxgLx?n] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?n] af]s]sf Kn]sf8{df clÍt gf/fx?
nufpFbf ;a}sf] dg efj ljef]/ eof] eg] ;f/ËL /]6]/ :jtGqtfsf] uLt ufpg cfOk'u]sf
Pshgf ufOg]sf] dw'/ :j/n] ;a} /f]dfl~rt eP . o;}aLr le8df ldl;P/ cu| k+lQmdf
b]lvg'eof] ** jif{ kf/ ul/;s]sL a[4 5fFofb]jL k/fh'nL . ljut # jif{b]lv k|ltudg
lj?4sf] cfGbf]ngdf cgj/t ?kdf k|bz{gdf ;+nUg x'Fb} cfpg' ePls / a[4fj:yfsf]
o; v08df klg # bh{g k6s kqmfp k/]sL 5fFofb]jL k/fh'nL nf]stGqsf] ;+3if{df lr/
kl/lrt cfb/0fLo gfp xf] . k5fl8af6 le8sf] rfk a9]sf] / cufl8af6 k|x/Ln] nL,
a'6 / ;L;fsf] se/n] 3r]6\g yfn]sf] x'Fbf 5fFofb]jL k/fh'nL em08} lslrg k'Ug'
eof] . pxfFdfly rf]6 k6s nfUnf eGg] qf;n] arfpg vf]Hbf d cfk}m k|x/Lsf] cfqmd0fdf
k/] . hfgL-hfgLsg a'6n] pgLx?n] lxsf{P eg] k]6 / xftdf nL sf]r] . dfly g} elg;lsPsf]
5, k|x/Lx? sdeGbf sdnfO{ kqmg rfxGy] / afFsLnfO{ 808f nufP/ v]bg] cleofgdf lyP
. w]/}nfO{ kqmfp kbf{ csf]{ ;Gb]z hfg] x'Fbf pgLx?sf] lgot k|bz{g ljyf]Ng'df
s]lGb|t lyof] . olx wD;fwD;Ldf d n8] / z/L/ lg:t]h ePsf] x'Fbf Tolx ;'t] . kl5
yfxf eof] k|fWofks s[i0f vgfn / lrlsT;s dx]z df:s] klg Tolx ;'Tg' eP5 / kqsf/
sgsdl0f bLlIft k5fl8 a:g' eP5 / l;h{gf eP5 csf]{ Pp6f 3]/f . t/ klg nf]stGqsf
nflu gf/fafhL /f]lsPg . xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf e]nf ePsf JolQmx? dgsf] ulx/fOb]lv
g} cfGbf]lnt b]lvGy] . s]xL a]/kl5 d k]ml/ p7] / ;/sf/L lgif]wf1f tf]8]/ cl3
a9\g] k|oTg k]ml/ z'? eof] . o;qmddf d, sgsdl0f bLlIft / Zofd >]i7 cufl8
a9\of}+ / k|x/Lx?n] k]ml/ k'/fg} z}nL cjnDag u/] . 3r]6], ws]n], cGttM lu/ˆtf/
u/] . o;}qmddf Eofgleq xfdLnfO{ o;/L x'TofOof] ls nfU5 xfdL l;g]df xndf ks]6
df/]/ efUb} ubf{ aNn kqmfp k/]sf ck/fwL xf}+ . xfdLnfO{ dx]Gb| k'ln; Snadf nu]/
aGbL agfOof] . hDdf @^ hgfnfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf] /x]5 . sgsdl0f bLlIftsf] uw{gdf
ck|];g u/]sf] k'/fgf] rf]6 b]v]kl5 kf] d emNof:; eP . s]xL jif{cl3 cGgk"0f{
If]qdf kbofqfdf hfbf af6f]af6 lrlKnP/ pxfF #÷$ lbg;Dd le/df c8lsg' ePsf]
lyof] . d[To'nfO{ glhsaf6 b]v]/ kmls{Psf tL kqsf/sf] sl7g ;Nolqmof kl5 hLjg
;xh ePsf] lyof] . uw{g / 6fpsf] sf] Tof] ;+j]bgzLn efudf clnslt klg rf]6 nfUbf
kl/0ffd h] klg x'g;SYof] . t/ u/La hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/af6 ;~rflnt /fHosf] ;'/Iff
lgsfonfO{ o:tf ljifodf s'g} ;/f]sf/ lyPg . pgLx? k|bz{gsf/L dfly o;/L emD6b}
lyP / hfOnfUb} lyP ls nfUYof] cfGbf]ngsf/Lx? eg]sf ;fgf ltgf e';'gf x'g h'g
pgLx?sf] nfdf] Zjf;df k]6leq k'u'g .
kl5 xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf h'n'; OGb|rf]sdf uP/ ;efdf kl/0ft eP5 h;df ;flxTosf/
j}/fuL sfOnf, jlsn xl/x/ bfxfn, 8f= dx]z df:s] / ;'jf]w/fh Kofs'/]nn] ;+af]wg
ug'{eP5 . h'n';df ;lDdlnt o'jfk':tfsf] hf]z / hfFu/ pNn]Vo /x]5 .
@)$^ ;fnsf] hg cfGbf]nsf ;lqmo kfqx?sf] pNn]Vo ;xeflutf of] cfGbf]ngsf] ljz]iftf
lyof] . g]kfnsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;d'bfo ljeflht 5 eg]/ cf/f]k k|Tof/f]k nflu/x]sf]
a]nf pQm ;d'bfosf] nueu ;a} k|d'v ;+:yfx? k|bz{gdf ;l/s ePsf lyP . cfGbf]gnsf]
csf]{ ;sf/fTds / ;jn kIf eg]sf] dlxnfx?sf] klg ;f]r]eGbf /fd|f] pkl:ylt lyof]
. k|fWofks ;+3sf] k"j{ ;efklt ;'k|ef l3ld/] / 8f= c?0ff pk|]tL lu/ˆtf/
x'g'eof] . cfGbf]ngsf cfx\jfg stf{ dWo]sf Ps 8f= b]j]Gb|/fh kf08] / d'6'sf]
Pglhcf] Knfi6L u/]sf kß/Tg t'nfw/b]lv lnP/ n]vs cfgGbb]j e§ / ;dfnf]rs
lgg' rfkfufO{ / blnt cfGbf]ngsf rlr{t JolQmTj kßnfn ljZjsdf{sf] cg'xf/df
aGbL agfObf klg cs}{ t]h lyof] . sf]xL ql;t lyPgg\ / ef]lnsf] lrGtf s;}nfO{
lyPg . kqmfp k/]sf kqsf/x? ;~ho ;Gtf]ifL /fO{ / k"0f{ a:g]tx?sf nflu o:tf]
cj:yf zfob ;fdfGo eO;s]sf] lyof] .
;fpg @% ut] /ftL xfdLnfO{ s;};Fu e]6 ug{ lbOPg . kqsf/ dxf;+3af6 s]xL h'; k7fOPsf]
/x]5, ;a}n] clncln vfP . aflx/af6 NofP/ vfgf vfg kfOg] ;"rgf k|x/Ln] lbP
klg xfdLn] To;nfO{ c:jLsf/ u¥of}+ / Tolx pknAw vfgf vfg] atfof}+ . bfn,
eft, Pp6f t/sf/L / clnslt crf/ ;a}n] vfP . sgshL n] kqsf/ gf/fo0f jfUn]sf] kNk;f
Sofk]m Tolx k9]/ l;Wofpg vf]Hg' eof] . /ftdf zfob w]/} hgf /fd|/L ;'Tg ;s]gg\
t/ s;}n] lzsfot u/]gg\ . 8f= e/t k|wfg zfob ;'Tg} ;Sg' ePg . ef]lnkN6 laxfg
;jf ( ah] xfdLnfO{ l/xf ul/of] . af6fdf j[4 5fFofb]jL e]l6g' eof] . xftdf rf]6
nfu]5 lxhf]sf] k|bz{gsf qmddf, clnslt /ut klg b]lvof] . zfob of] g} lg/+s'z
;Qfn] lbPsf] pkxf/ lyof], :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngsf] Pp6f hLpFbf] k|ltd"lt{nfO{
. laxfg cvaf/x?n] n]v]5g\ ædf3 !( sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffkl5sf ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
lj/f]w k|bz{g, xhf/f}+sf] ;xeflutf, b]zsf 8fS6/, kqsf/, jlsn, dfgj clwsf/sdL{,
hghftL, blnt, a'l4hLjL ;a}sf] ;xeflutf .Æ oyfy{ olx xf] lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf]
cfo' ca w]/} 5}g .
:jtGqtfsf nflu n8\g]x? slxn] yfSb}gg\
s[i0f kxf8L
h'nfO{ @%, @))%
lxdfn r9\g] dfG5]x? ;a} lzv/df k'Ub}gg\ . lzv/df k'Ug] cf/f]xLx? dWo] sltko
hLljt kms{b}gg\ . t/ klg lxdfn cf/f]x0fsf] cfsif{0f / dxTj ljlzi6 5 . ;kmn cf/f]xLx?
x/]; vfb}gg\ / slxn] yfSb}gg\ . olx lgi7f, ;fx; / hfFu/n] kj{tf/f]x0fsf] Oltxf;nfO{
/f]df~rs / vf]hn] kl/k"0f{ t'NofPsf] 5 . lxdfn r9\g]x? dWo] s}of}+n] Hofg
u'dfPsf 5g\ t/ ltgn] b]vfPsf] / agfPsf] af6f]n] g} k5f8L cf/f]x0f ug]{x?nfO{
lzv/;Dd k'Ug d2t u/]sf] x'G5 . olx k/Dk/fn] kj{tf/f]x0fnfO{ P8e]~r/ (Adventure)
sf] ?kdf ljsl;t u/]sf] 5 .
:jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ng klg Pp6f o:t} P8e]~r/ xf] . o;df ;dflxt ePsf sltko dfG5]x?
nIodf k'Ug' cufj} ljrlnt klg x'g;S5g . sltko :jtGqtfsf ;]gfgLx? nIo e]6\g' cufl8
g} ef}lts ?kdf ;dfKt klg x'g;S5g . nf]stGq dfgj clwsf/ / zflGtsf nflu ;dlk{t
z/L/x? lg/+s'ztfsf] 3fgdf lkl;P/ ;bf, ;bfsf nflu ljlng klg x'g;S5g\ . t/ klg
:jtGqtfsf] ofqf /f]ls+b}g . kj{tf/f]x0f / :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf s]xL cfwf/e"t
leGgtf 5 . kj{tf/f]xLx? df};d nufot cToGt k|lts"n kl/l:yltdf k5fl8 x6\5g
/ cf/f]x0f kl/Tofu klg u5{g\ . t/ :jtGqtfsf] clx+;fTds ;+3if{df h:tf] ;'s} k|lts"n
kl/l:yltdf klg :jtGqtfsf k"hf/Lx? kl5 x6\b}gg\ . ult km/s x'g;S5 t/ ofqf
/f]ls+b}g . kj{tf/f]x0fsf] Oltxf;df kj{tf/f]xL lj/fdL kg{ yfNof] eg] pm :jtM
k5fl8 x6\5 t/ :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf hgtfsf] ljj]ssf] ;jf]{Rrtfsf] nflu n8\g]x?
dfgl;s ?kn] slxn] lj/fdL x'g xF'b}g . dfgl;s ?kn] lj/fdL x'g' eg]sf] ljrlnt
x'g' xf], knfog ug'{ xf] / nIodf k'Ug' cufl8 g} ;+emf}tf u/]/ ;dosf] ultnfO{
kl5 ws]Ng vf]Hg' xf] .
clxn] g]kfndf /fhfsf] k5fl8 nfu]/ :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ bjfpg] sfo{ tLa| x'g
yfn]sf] 5 . b]zsf k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{ …c/fli6"o tTjÚ 3f]lift
ug]{ s;/t z'? ePsf] 5 . :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf kqsf/x?sf] 3fF6L /]6\g
/ cWofb]z dfk{mt s7f]/ k|fjwfg nfu" u/]/ lg/+s'ztGqsf] h/f] uf8\g] cleofg
b/af/n] z'? u/]sf] 5 . b/af/sf] cf;o 5, kqsfl/tfdf gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/sf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
h:t} bf;x?sf] afx'Notf x'g'k5{ . g]kfnsf] b/af/ rfxG5, snd xf]Og aGb's rnf];,
:jtGqtf 9nf];\ / ljj]s d/f];\ . o;}klg lg/+s'z;Qf ljrf/;Fu 8/fpF5 hals nf]stflGqs;Qf
ljrf/;Fu /dfpF5 .
b]zsf dfgj clwsf/jfbL nufot u}/;/sf/L ;+3, ;+:yfnfO{ b/jf/sf] bf; agfpg clxn]
csf]{ cWofb]z 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . To;sf] cfzo 5, /fhgLlts ultljlwdf ;+nUg ePdf
To:tf ;+3, ;+:yfsf] t'?Gt btf{ vf/]h x'g]5 . cyf{t\ nf]stGqsf] s'/f ug'{ eg]sf]
/fhgLlt xf] . o;/L /fhfsf] clwgfosjfbL zf;gdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] 3fF6L lgdf]7\g]
cleofg z'? ePsf] 5 . @)^! df3 !( df ePsf] zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] ue{af6 clxn] ljs[t
kl/0ffdx? wdfwd hGdg yfn]sf 5g\ . Tolx uef{wfgaf6 hlGdPsf] csf]{ ljs[t oyfy{
xf], lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx? k|lt k"jf{u|xL cWofb]z, h;n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{
/fhfsf] bf; aGg ;Gb]z lbPsf] 5 .
oL ;a} ljs[ltx?sf] h8 /fhfsf] dxTjfsf+Iff xf] eGg] s'/fdf b'O{ dt 5}g . hgtfsf]
OR5f ljkl/t rn]sf] /fhfsf] g]t[Tjsf] jt{dfg ;/sf/ :jo+ j}w 5}g eg] of] ;/sf/af6
3f]if0ff ul/Psf cWofb]z jf gLlt lgod j}w x'g] 7fFp 5}g . h'g, h'g lgsfo, ju{,
k]zf :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldP jf lj:tf/} To; lbzfdf cu|;/ x'b} lyP, tL ;a}sf]
3fF6L lgdf]7\g] cleofg t]h ePsf] 5 . /fhfsf of] sbdsf] k5fl8 g]kfnsf] ;]gfn]
k"0f{ ;dy{g u/]sf] 5 eg]/ /fhfn] aGb'ssf] cf8df :jtGqtf lj?4 cfk"mnfO{
pEofpg' ePsf] 5 . o;af6 g]kfnsf /fhf 1fg]Gb| ;}4flGts ?kdf Pp6f 7"nf] cftÍjfbLsf]
?kdf :yflkt x'g'ePsf] 5 . Psflt/ cf];fdf ljg nfb]g h:tf s'Voft cftÍsf/Lx?
;+;f/sf] sltko efudf ad la:kmf]6 u/fP/ lg/Lx dfG5]x?sf] Hofg lnO{ /x]sf5g\ .
csf]{lt/ :jtGqtfsf] 3fF6L /]6]/ g]kfnsf /fhf 1fg]Gb| klg g]kfnnfO{ 7"nf]
sf/fuf/df cg'jfb ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] b[li6df cfk"m / cfˆgf
;Gtfg dfq dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ / afFsL b]z lrxfg ePklg pxfFnfO{ s'g} lrGtf 5}g
. cftÍjfb lj?4 nl8/x]sf] bfjf ug]{ g]kfnsf] zfxL ;]gf, /fhfsf of] sbdsf
sf/0f /fli6"o hghLjgsf] d"nwf/af6 s6\g yfn]sf] 5 . df3 !( sf] zfxL
3f]if0ffn] ;]gf / k|x/Ls} ljZj;lgotfdf wSsf k'¥ofPsf] 5 eg] pgLx?sf] kl/jf/sf]
;'/Iffdf uDeL/ c;/ kf/]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf clxn] Psflt/ /fhgLlts bnx?, k]zfut tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx?, sd{rf/L, k|];
/ dfgj clwsf/jfbLx? :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf 5g\ eg] csf]{lt/ /fhf / /fhfsf] aGb's
:jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ng bafpg] s[Todf ;+nUg 5 . aGb'ssf] gfnn] ljj]snfO{ 9fNg vf]h]sf]
5 . log} sf/0fn] :jo+ /fhfsf] aGb's clxn] rf/}lt/ PlSng yfn]sf] 5 . /fhfsf]
k5fl8 nfu]/ ljj]s aGws agfpFbf g]kfnsf] ;'/Iff lgsfon] hgtfsf] ljZjf; u'dfPsf]
5 . of] Ifltsf] cfÍng ug]{ k'm;{t zfob clxn] sltnfO{ 5}g . t/ Tolx aGb'ssf]
3d08n] /fhfn] ldq /fi6"x?sf s'6gLlt1x?sf] ckdfg ug{ z'? ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;xof]uL
/fi6"x?n] g]kfnnfO{ lbO{ cfPsf] cfly{s ;xof]u aGb u/]sf 5g\ t/ /fhb/af/n]
cfˆgf] vr{ a9fpg 5f8]sf] 5}g . g]kfn sËfn x'g yfn]sf] 5 / /fi6"sf]
:jfledfg cfxt ePsf] 5 . /fi6"sf] zL/ e'msfpg lhDd]jf/ /fhf cfk"m hgtf
eGbf dfly ePsf] / s;}k|lt klg pQ/bfoL gePsf] cxÍf/ kf]lv/xg' ePsf] 5
. o;/L b]znfO{ /;ftndf ws]ln/x]sf /fhf ljZjsf cGg tfgfzfxx? h:t} Pslbg ;'6'Ss
;f/f wg a6'n]/ 6fk s:g' x'g]5, efUg' x'g]5 / lj/f;tdf 5f]8g' x'g]5 Pp6f sËfn,
hh{/ / 3fOt] g]kfn . t/ :jfledfg g]kfnLn] t olx afFRg'5 olx dg'{5 .
bf]xf]/f] rl/qsf /fhf
s[i0f kxf8L
h'nfO{ !^, @))%
aGbL hLjgaf6 d'Qm x'gf;fy Psyl/ z'elrGtsx? clxn] ;Nnfx lbg yfn]sf 5g, tkfO{
;fjwfg x'g'k5{, g]kfndf tkfO{sf] ;'/Iff 5}g . t/ d :ki6 5', ;'/Iff vf]Hg] dfG5]
dfgj clwsf/sf], :jtGqtfsf] cfGbf]ngdf nfUb}g . sf]xL eG5g\ æaflx/ hfg'k5{
Æ . t/ b]z ;+s6df k/]sf] a]nf d}bfg vfnL u/]/ d eflUbg . kl/l:yltnfO{
;fdgf ug'{k5{ . olx cFWof/f]nfO{ lr/]/ pbfpg] 5 ;"o{ / oxL ;+s6nfO{ l5rf]n]/
cfpg]5 gofF laxfg . tyflk sf]xL eG5g\, /fHo ;Qfdf ck/fwL rl/q bfjL ePsf] a]nf
h] klg x'g ;S5 . t/ d]/f] :ki6 wf/0ff 5, :jtGqtfsf nflu clx+;fTds tj/n] n8g]
dxfTdf ufGwLsf] t wdf{Gwx?sf] xftaf6 xTof eof] eg] xfdL h:tf af6f] lx8g] dfG5]sf]
af/]df Hofbf rrf{ ug'{ x'b}g . o;}klg d JolQmut ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g rfxGg .
cfTd k|z+;f / cfTd s]lGb|t ljrf/ dflg;sf] ktgsf nflu sfkmL 5g\ .
clxn] cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf k|hftGq / dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ug]{x?sf nflu
$ j6f ljsNk 5g\ . Ps zfxL sbdsf] ;dy{g u/]/ g}lts ?kdf cfTdxTof ug]{, bf]>f]
lg/+s'z ;Qf;Fu 8/fP/ cfTd ;dk{0f ug]{, t]>f] knfog ug]{ .
dflysf # j6f sfd s'g}klg :jfledfg dfG5]n] ug{ ;Sb}g . To;kl5 Pp6} ljsNk aR5,
:j]R5frfl/tf / lg/+s'z k|j[lQsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug]{ . of] ;+3if{df, /fhfsf] la?4df
g} v'n]/ af]Ng' clxn] ;a}sf] bfloTj ePsf] 5 . x}l;ot ljlxg af6f] lx+l8/x]sf]
dfG5]x? / d[To' s'l//x]sf c;fGble{s a[4x?nfO{ cfk"mn] cWoIftf u/]sf] dGqL
kl/ifb\df ;dfj]z u/]/ /fhfn] ltgnfO{ /fHosf] cflwsfl/stf k|bfg ug]{ sf]lzz ug'{
ePsf] 5 . t/ To:tf af6f] lx+8g] / 3f6sf] af6f] gflk/x]sf /fhfaf6 lgo'Qm dfG5]x?sf]
af/]df dfq l6Kk0fL u/]/ clxn] w]/} ;do vr{ ug'{ x'b}g . sf/0f df3 !( sf] zfxL
3f]if0ffkl5 dGqL kl/ifb\sf] cWoIftf u|x0f u/]/ clxn] b]zdf ePsf ;f/f ckh; /
c/fhstfsf] bf]if ;f]e}m /fhfdf uP/ 7f]lSsg k'u]sf] 5 . of] ;a} ck|hftflGqs s[ofsnfksf
nflu /fhf g} bf]ifL x'g''x'G5 .
elgG5 ls, ;of}+ jif{ cufl8 >L # hË axfb'/sf efO /0ff]l2k l;+xn] Pslbg
cfˆgf Ps ljZj:t ;}lgs clwsf/LnfO{ dfG5]n] dnfO{ s] eG5g eg]/ ;f]Wg' eP5
. tL ;}lgs clwsf/Ln] hjfkm lbPg ædxf/fhnfO{ dfG5]n] sf]7fleq y'lgPsf]
e'gL cyf{t kf]yL aFb]n eG5g ÛÆ >L # /0ff]l2kn] nfQ} nfQfn] ltgnfO{
uf]bg' eP5, v]bg' eP5 . t/ ef]ln kN6 ltg} ;}lgs clwsf/LnfO{ af]nfP/ kbf]GgtL
ug'{ eP5 .
jt{dfg >L % 1fg]Gb|sf] klg /f0ffj+z;Fu /uts} lx;fan] klg bf]xf]/f] gftf k/]sf]n]
xf] ls s] xf], sltko >L # x?sf] rl/qsf] k'g/fj[lQ b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu
df3 !( kl5 /fhfn] e|i6frf/ lj?4 Pp6f slyt zfxL cfof]u u7g ug'{eof] . To:sf]
pb]snfUbf] rl/q s] /x]5 eg] ph'/L klg Tolx cfof]un] xfNg nfp5, 5fgjLg klg To;}n]
u5{, ;'gjfO klg To;}n] u5{ . w/f}6L klg To;}n] /fVg nfp5 . y'Gg klg To;}n] y'G5
/ k}m;nf klg To;}n] ;'gfp5 . sfxfFsf] ljlwsf] ;Ddfg sfxfFsf] sfg"gL /fHo
.
t/ To:nfO{ dfGotf lbnfpg eg]/ xf]nf klxnf] ufF;d} /fhfn] cfˆg} dfG5]nfO{
8fDg vf]h]/ jf 8fd]/ cleofg z'? ug'{ eP5 . o;qmddf /fhfs} cgGo ;]jsx? ab|L d08n,
8f= df]xDdb df]xl;g / hf]ud]x/ >]i7 k/]5g\ . w]/} lbg;Dd ;/sf/L ;~rf/ dfWodx?df
e|i6frf/L cg'xf/x? eg]/ ab|L d08n nufotsf] cg'xf/ v'a} b]vfOP5 . cyf{t /fhfn]
pxfFx?sf] lng;Dd x'd{t lng' eP5 . t/ c;f/ #) ut] /fhfs} cWoIftfdf k"gu{l7t
dGqL kl/ifb\df ab|L d08n dGqL lgo'Qm x'g'eof] . ca ltg} ;/sf/L ;~rf/ dfWodx?n]
/fhfaf6 lgo'Qm :jR5 5ljsf ab|L d08nsf] dlxdf ufg ufpg]5g\ / pxfFaf6 b]zn] e|i6frf/sf]
lj?4 pkb]zsf] >[+vnf ;'Gg]5 . lgs} cufl8 g]kfndf ufpFsf 7fn' kl08tx?n] ;f]emf
;f]emf ufpFn]nfO{ hft uof] eg]/ ;ftf] lnGy] / cGTodf ;jf Ps ?k}ofsf] uf}bfg
u/]kl5 k]ml/ hft kms{GYof] . /fhfsf] lgo'lQm kfPkl5 g]kfndf klg To;/L hft kms{G5
. cyf{t lxhf] ;/sf/L ;+oGqn] hlt;'s} e|i6 eg]/ v]b]klg /fhfn] lgo'lQm lbPkl5
Tof] eGbf :jR5 5jLsf] c? s]xL x'b}g . h] xf]; /0ff]l2k l;+xsf] dflysf] k|;Ë
eg] bf]xf]l/Psf] 5 .
csf{ >L # k|wfgdGqL rGb| zdz]/sf] af/]df klg sxfjt 5 . hfGg]x? ;'Gg]x? eG5g\
ls rGb| zDz]/ Jofkf/df klg TolQs} rf;f] / hfgsf/L /fVy] / Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ k};f
sdfpg pS;fpy]+ . ha Tof] lgs} wgL aGYof] ta sfg"gL k|Zg p7fP/ To;nfO{ sf/jfxL
uy]{, sËfn agfpy] / To:sf] ;DklQ x8Ky] . jt{dfg >L 1fg]Gb|sf] k[i7e"ld
klg Jofkf/ ePsf] ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . o;}klg Jofkf/df ;fe]mbf/ / k|lt:kwL{ ;a}sf]
af/]df pxfFnfO{ 1fg 5 . gfkmf 3f6fsf] Tof] r:sf] aLr cfwf ztfAbL hLjg jt{dfg
/fhfn] u'hfg'{ ePsf] 5 h'g r:sf] 5'6g xQkQ ufx|f] 5 . C0f gltg'{ g/fd|f] xf]
. vfPsf] C0f ltg'{k5{ . ;fRr} C0f glt/L sfnf];"rLdf k/]sf dfG5]x? af/]
s;}sf] klg ;xfg'e"lt gx'g ;S5 t/ rGb| zdz]/sf] bfp h:t} clxn]sf] sfnf];"lrdf
k/]sf dfG5]x? ;Fu ;Demf}tf jf efua08f u/]/ /fhfn] s'DNofpg] /0fgLlt cjnDag ul//x]sf]
klg x'g;S5 . jt{dfg dGqL d08nsf pkfWoIf t'n;L lu/L Psflt/ sfnf];"lrsf C0fL
x'g\ eg] csf]{lt/ g]kfnLnfO{ ;'zf;gsf] pkb]z lbg] Pp6f 9f+]uL kfq . dflysf pbfx/0fn]
/fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] bf]xf]/f] rl/qsf] k'li6 x'G5 .
Pp6f gofF /f]8Dofk
s[i0f kxf8L
h'nfO{ !$, @))%
g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf k|r08sf] gfdaf6 @)^@ c;f/ @& cyf{t !! h'nfO{ @))%
sf lbg jQmAo hf/L ePsf] ;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfPsf] 5 . jQmAodf lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf lj?4
cfGbf]ng/t & /fhg}lts bnx?sf tk{maf6 g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnfn] /fhg}lts lgsf;sf nflu g]skf dfcf]jfbL;Fu jftf{ ug{ lbPsf] ;fj{hlgs
cleJolQmnfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf lnb} b]zsf] hl6n /fhg}lts l:yltsf] k|hftflGqs lgsf;sf
nflu Jofks hgbjfa ;[i6L ug{, & bnx?nfO{ cljnDa Ps cflwsfl/s jftf{ 6f]nL
lgdf{0f u/L jftf{df cufl8 cfpg ljz]if cfu|x ub{5 elgPsf] 5 .
of] jQmAosf] cflwsfl/stfdf zÍf ePsf] 5}g / g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] xfd|f] xf]Og
eg]/ v08g klg gu/]sf] x'Fbf jQmAonfO{ cflwsfl/s g} 7fGg' k5{ . jQmAo ljleGg
sf/0fn] ;sf/fTds 5 / :jfut of]Uo 5 . sf/0f @)^! df3 !( ut] cufl8 dfcf]jfbLn]
/fhf;Fu} ;f]e}m jftf{ ug]{ s'/f ub}{ cfPsf lyP eg] clxn] & /fhg}lts bnx?nfO{
k|d'v zlQmsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/L jftf{sf nflu cf}krfl/s cfx\jfg u/]sf] 5 . bf]>f]
& /fhg}lts bnsf] cfGbf]ngsf] w/ftn ljz'4 clx+;fTds cfGbf]ng xf] . lx+;fTds
cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg Pp6f /fhgLlts zlQmn] ;xsfo{sf nflu clx+;fTds zlQmnfO{ cfx\jfg
ug'{ klg Ps /fd|f] z'?jft xf] . dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08sf] jQmAodf df3 !( sf]
36gfnfO{ …s'Ú elgPsf] 5 eg] cfGbf]ng/t /fhg}lts bnsf sfo{stf{x?
dfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ef}lts bjfa glbg] gLlt sfof{Gjog x'b} uPsf] :ki6 ul/Psf]
5 . cfGbf]ng/t bnsf sfo{stf{dfly dfq xf]Og, cGt/f{li6"o dfgjLo sfg"gsf]
kfng ub}{ lgxTyf / o'4df c;+nUg ;j} gful/sdfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ef}lts bjfa
lbg' xF'b}g . o; lbzfdf dfcf]jfbLsf] of] sbd Pp6f c;n z'?jft x'g;S5 .
s'g} klg /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngn] ;'w|g] rl/q u|x0f ug{ ;s]g eg] cGttM Tof] c;fGble{s
eP/ hfG5 . ;+;f/sf hlt klg ;kmn / 7"nf /fhgLlt1x? 5g, pgLx?df uNtLsf nflu
cfTdfnf]rgf ug]{, sdhf]/L :jLsf/ ub}{ To:tf uNtL gbf]xf]¥ofpg ;+oGq lgdf{0f
ug]{ / cfnf]rgf ;'emfjx?nfO{ u|x0f ug]{ ljz]iftf x'G5 . o; lbzfdf dfcf]jfbL
g]t[Tj slt ;+j]bgzLn 5, dfcf]jfbLsf efjL gLlt / Jojxf/n] :ki6 u5{ .
elgG5 ls, JolQmdf ;sf/fTds ;f]r x'g'k5{ / ;w} cfzfjfbL x'g'k5{ . dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf]
of] kl5Nnf] jQmJosf] lgotdf z+sf u/]/ åG4sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ cem hl6n agfpg'
eGbf åG4sf] ;dLs/0f / zflGtk"0f{ cjt/0fnfO{ ;xh agfpg] lbzfdf g}
of]ubfg ug'{ plrt x'G5 . ufF7f]nfO{ s:g' ;lhnf] 5, ufF7f] k'msfpg sl7g 5 t/
h:n] ufF7f] k'msfpg ;S5, To:n] g} clxn]sf] hl6ntfnfO{ klg cGTo ug{;S5 . To;y{
& /fhgLlts bnx?n] dfcf]jfbL;Fu jftf{ 6f]nLsf] u7g u/L cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf
/ dfgj clwsf/sf] Ph]08fdf dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;xdt u/fpg clxn]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ :jLsf/
u/L uDeL/tfsf ;fy k|s[of cufl8 a9fpg' k5{ . dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08sf] jQmAodf
Psfw b'3{6gfsf afah"b c? bnsf sfo{stf{dfly ef}lts bjfasf 36gf gePsf] elgPtf
klg dfcf]jfbLsf gfdaf6 To:tf] bjfa jf cfqmd0f ePdf of] k|s[of vl08t x'g;S5 .
To;}n] dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfˆgf sfo{stf{nfO{ j}rfl/s w/ftndf k|lzlIft ug'{ /
bLlIft t'Nofpg cToGt cfjZos 5 eg] To;leqsf] 3';k}7;Fu ;fjwfg x'b} kf6L{sf] gLlt
;fRg} g} ef}lts bjfa glbg] xf] eg] To:tf gLlt pNn+3g ug]{ bf]ifLdfly sf/jfxL
u/]/ z'l4s/0fsf] cleofg cl3 a9fpg' ;fGble{s 5 . t/ oxfF pNn]v ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf]
cy{ dfg'{ jf oftgf lbg' eGg] sbfkL xf]Og .
csf]{ ;To s] xf] eg] /fhfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] jt{dfg ;/sf/ ;a}eGbf ql;t / ;a}eGbf
;zlÍt olb s'g} s'/fdf 5 eg] Tof] & bn / dfcf]jfbL aLrsf] ;+efljt
Pstf / ;xsfo{sf sf/0fn] 5 . To;}n] >L % sf lgs6 JolQmx?af6 dfcf]jfbL;Fu bnsf]
;xsfo{ ePdf Tolx >]0fLdf g} emfg]{ cyf{t bnnfO{ klg cft+ssf/L g} dfGg] wlDs
o; cl3 g} cfO;s]sf] 5 . cft+sjfb lj?4sf] ;xsfo{sf gfddf /fhfn] df3 !( kl5 cGt/f{li6"o
;d'bfo u'xfg'{ ePsf] t/ c;kmn x'g'ePsf] k[i7e"lddf & bn / dfcf]jfbLaLr
;xsfo{ eP hlt cf/f]k nufP klg To;af6 /fhfnfO{ kmfObf gx'g] lglZrt 5 . t;y{ k|:tfljt
;xsfo{ gxf];\ eGgfsf vflt/ dfcf]jfbLleqsf] pkb|jL tTj l/df]6 sG6"f]naf6
;~rflnt x'g] ;+efjgf klg Psflt/ 5 eg] bnx?leqsf] b/af/ k/:t tTj klg dfcf]jfbL
HofbtLsf] xjfnf lbb} efjgfTds cleofg dfk{mt xfjL x'g] plQs} ;+efjgf 5 . k|d'v
/fhgLlts bnx?;Fusf] ;xsfo{n] cfˆgf] /fhgLlts Psflwsf/ ;dfKt x'G5 eg]/ dfcf]jfbLleqsf]
pkof]u eO/x]sf] tKsf klg cfqmfds ?kdf k|:t't x'g] ;+efjgf 5 eg] ljutdf dfcf]jfbL
lx+;faf6 kLl8t ePsfx?sf] cfFz' / 3fpnfO{ ehfpb} To:tf] ;xsfo{ cfTd3ftL x'g]
r]tfjgL bnleqsf] OdfGbf/ sfo{stf{ k+lQmaf6} p7g ;Sg] klg k|jn ;+efjgf 5 .
dfcf]jfbL / bnaLrsf] k|:tfljt jftf{ 6f]nLsf] u7g ;xsfo{sf] lbzfdf Pp6f l;+9L
dfq xf] . of] k|s[ofnfO{ OdfGbfl/tfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpb} nIodf k'Ug] xf] eg] w]/}
l;+9L r9g afFsL 5 . t;y{ k|f/Ded} z+sf pkz+sf u/]/ srlN6/xg' eGbf OdfGbf/ k|of;
yfngL ePdf zflGt k|s[ofsf nflu klg pkxf/ x'G5 . o;}klg jftf{ 6f]nLsf] u7g /
jftf{sf] z'?jftg} ;xsfo{ eOxfNg] k|Tofe"lt xf]Og . ;xsfo{sf] Go"gtd
cfwf/df ;xdlt x'g;Sof] eg] To:tf] k|s[of lbuf] x'G5 . To;}n] k|:tfljt ;xsfo{df
s:sf] Ph]08f xfjL x'g], bnsf] jf dfcf]jfbLsf] eGg] ax; klg tLa| eP/ hfg] ;+efjgf
klg 5 . ;+efjgfsf] qmddf sf] df sf] ldl;P eGg] h:tf ts{x? klg p7g ;S5g . sf/0f
dfcf]jfbLleq bn ;dflxt eP eg]/ /fhfsf glhssf dfG5]n] sf]sf]xf]nf] dRrfpg] 5g\
eg] dfcf]jfbLn] qmfGtLsf] d"nwf/ 5f]8] eg]/ dfcf]jfbLleq e8sfpg] tKsf klg
Tolx lgotn] kl/rflnt x'g] vt/f 5 . o; cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLx?n] bnsf] dfq k|:tfjsf]
?kdf glnO{, ;du| :jtGqtf k|]dLx?sf] efjgfnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf
/ dfgj clwsf/k|lt cfˆgf] k|lta4tf AoQm ul/lbg] xf] eg] nfdf] km8sf] dfg]{
lbzfdf 7"nf] of]ubfg x'g;S5 . dfcf]jfbLsf] Tolx k|lta4tfn] dfq efjL kl/jt{g
zflGtk"0f{ tj/df x'g;S5 / kl/jt{gsf pknlAwx?sf] ;+/If0f / hu]gf{ klg x'g;S5
. b]z u[x o[4af6 klg hf]luG5 / gofF o'usf] z'?jft x'g;S5 . dfcf]jfbL cWoIf k|r08n]
af/Daf/ /fi6" ;+3sf] pkl:ylt / ;+jfbsf] s'/f p7fpg' ePsf] 5 . dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq / cGo cGt/f{li6"o b:tfj]hx? ;a} /fi6" ;+3s} pkh
x'g . tL k"FhLjfbL ljZjsf Ph]08f geP/ :jtGqtf / :jflwgtfsf] cfGbf]ngsf
pkh x'g . zflGt Gofo / :jtGqtfsf] w/f]x/sf] ?kdf /x]sf dfgj clwsf/sf tL zf:jt
kIfx?nfO{ dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjn] bnx?sf] dfq Ph]08f eg]/ lng' x'b}g . ;du|df o;
lbzfdf bnx?n] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ ;xdt u/fpg'g} jftf{ 6f]nLsf] k|d'v bfloTj x'g]5
. t;y{ sf] df sf] ldl;b} 5g\ jf s:sf] Ph]08f xfjL x'b}5 5 eGg] h:tf ts{nfO{
klg æcfwf/e"t :jtGqtfÆ k|ltsf] k|lta4tfn] ;dfKt ug]{5 .
cGTodf,
@)^! df3 !( kl5 & /fhgLlts bnx?df Pstf ePsf] 5 . t/ of] Pstfsf] cfwf/ df3
!( sf] zfxL 3f]if0ff xf] cyf{t zfxL 3f]if0ffaf6 k/]sf] ah|kftsf sf/0f ;a} Ps
7fpFdf cfPsf 5g\ t/ o:tf] PstfnfO{ :yfoL t'Nofpg] xf] eg] 7f]; sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t
cleofg cl3 a9g' k5{ . /fhfsf] k|xf/n] efjgfTds ?kdf ldn]sfx?, /fhf kl5 x6] h:tf]
ugf{ ;fy k]ml/ cfk;d} n8g] / clNemg] ;+efjgf klg 5 . sf/0f clxn] klg ljutsf
36gfk|lt, & bnsf 36sx?aLr t'if / /f]if ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;}u/L df3 !( kl5
/fhfsf] lgzfgf bn / dfcf]jfbL b'j}tk{m ;f]lePsf] x'bf clxn] ;xsfo{sf] k|:tfj
cl3 a9]sf] x'g;S5 . ef]ln ;'wf/sf gfddf /fhfkl5 x6] h:tf] ug]{ ljlQs} k]ml/
/fhfsf] aGb's xfd|f] eof] eg]/ dfcf]jfbLtk{m ;f]e\mofpg] pkqmd klg bf]xf]l/g
;S5 . To;n] cfGbf]ng s]xL ;dosf nflu vl08t x'g;S5 t/ :yfoL zflGt xfl;n x'b}g
. o:tf ;Tox?nfO{ ;a}n] a'e\mg' k5{ . /fhgLltdf 7"nf] p2]Zo af]s]/ lx8]sf
dfG5]x? kw]gL{ emu8fdf cndlng' x'b}g . ljutsf] lttf] sf]6\ofP/ ;w}el/ ugug ug]{
dfG5] /fhg]tf aGg ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf g} clGtd nIo xf] eg] ufF7f
s:g' eGbf k'msfpgdf g} ;a}n] of]ubfg lbg'k5{ . :yfoL zflGtsf nflu ;+efjgf ;fgf-;fgf
ljGb'nfO{ klg pkof]u ug'{k5{ / if8oGqsf x/]s Kjfnx?nfO{ aGb ug'{k5{ . o; lbzfdf
dfcf]jfbL g]t[Tjsf] 3f]if0ffsf] OdfGbf/ sfof{Gjog klxnf] v'6lsnf] xf] . klxnf]
ufF;d} lemuf ga;f]; / bf];|f] l;+9L r9g' cufl8 g} sf]xL klg glrlKnpg, sf]xL
klg gpl5l§pg . o;}af6 sf]l/g ;S5, Pp6f gofF /f]8 Dofk .
pHofnf] w]/} 6f9f 5}g
s[i0f kxf8L
h'nfO{ !!, @))%
cGttM d ! ;o $% lbgsf] aGbL hLjgkl5 c;f/ @) ut] l/xf eP . @)^! ;fn df3 !( kl5
zfxL sbdsf] :jfut ug{ 5'6 lyof] t/ lj/f]w ug]{nfO{ sf/fjf;sf] 9f]sf vf]lnPsf]
lyof] . zfxL sbdsf] :jfutdf h'n'; ug]{nfO{ /fHon] k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof]
t/ lj/f]wdf h'n'; ug]{n] cfhLjg h]ndf s'lxg' kg]{5 eGg] ;Gb]z k|jflxt ePsf]
lyof] . b]zdf ;Í6sfn nfu" ePsf] lyof] / df}lnsxsx? lgnDag ul/Psf
lyP . o;}klg /fhfn] # jif{sf] cjlw dfUg' ePsf] lyof] . rf/}lt/ qfxLdfd lyof]
. clxn] To:tf] cj:yf gePtf klg l:yltdf tflTjs ;'wf/ klg ePsf] 5}g .
df3 !( sf] ;Gbe{df Pp6f cjnf gf/Lk|lt ePsf] anfTsf/ ;Gbe{df k|f;lËs 7xl/G5
. Pp6L gf/LnfO{ aGb'ssf] cf8df e';lt3|]] u'08fx?n] anfTsf/ u/] . gf/L 56k6fOg,
lrRofOg k|lt/f]w ul/g . cGtdf g;s]/ nfrf/ lg:t]h eOg\ . anfTsf/sf] of] b[Zo
b]v]/ l5d]sLx?n] cfˆgf] 3/df klg anfTsf/L k;]/ pkb|f] unf{g\ eGg] 8/n]
e\mofn 9f]sf aGb u/] . anfTs[t tL gf/Lsf] kl5Nnf] dgf]bzf b]v]/ anfTsf/Lx?n]
aGb'ssf] andf 3f]if0ff u/] æof] anfTsf/ xf]Og, ;'xfu/ft xf] .Æ qfl;t
ufpFn]sf] df}gtfnfO{ pgLx?n] anfTsf/Lk|ltsf] ;dy{g eGb} ;f/f ufpFdf cdg r}g
sfod ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] .
@)^! df3 !( sf] zfxL 3f]if0ff g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs Oltxf;df Ps anfTsf/ lyof]
. o:t} anfTsf/ @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] klg ePsf] lyof] . o;kflnsf] anfTsf/nfO{
;'xfu/ft eGb} P]ltxfl;s elgof] . ;f/f b]z :tAw ePsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ zfxL sbdk|ltsf]
;dy{g ePsf] bfjf b/af/ kIfaf6 ul/of] . b]z Psk6s 56k6fof], lrRofof] / lg:t]h
b]lvof] . tL anfTs[t gf/Lsf] dgf]bzf h:t} . df3 !( sf] zfxL sbdnfO{ P]ltxfl;s
eGg]x? / anfTsf/sf] 36gfnfO{ ;'xfu/ft eGg]x? aLr tflTjs leGgtf 5}g .
df3 !( ut] b]lvg} xfdLn] zfxL sbdsf] lj?4 cleofg k|f/De u¥of}+ . of] cleofg
dfgj clwsf/ tyf zflGt ;dfhaf6} k|f/De eof] . xfdL :ki6 lyof}+, /fhfn] Psk6s
v'§f 6]Sg' eof] eg] :jtGqtfsf ;+jfxsx? ;a}sf v'§f eflrg]5g\ . Psk6s
lg/+s'ztfn] h/f] uf8of] eg] 5]p5fpsf ;d:t j[Ifx? 9Ng]5g\ . t;y{ Tof] a]nf pbfl;g
jf df}g /xg' eg]sf] klg lg/+s'ztGqnfO{ h/f] uf8g] cj;/ lbg' xf] . ;/sf/sf] ;Qfsf]
cfwf/ hgtfsf] OR5f x'g'kg]{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZj JofkL dfGotfnfO{ ltnf~hnL lbP/
/fhfn] ;f]e}m dGqL kl/ifb\sf] cWoIftf u|x0f ug'{eof] . @)^! df3 !( sf] zfxL
3f]if0ff ægsf/fTds w/ftndf cfwfl/t lyof] .Æ cyf{t /fhf;Fu s'g} ;sf/fTds
;f]r / sfo{qmd lyPg . Psflt/ zfxL 3f]if0ffn] bnx?nfO{ c;kmn / s'zf;gsf nflu
lhDd]jf/ eGg] cf/f]k nufpb} /fhfn] slDtdf # jif{sf nflu ;do dfUg' ePsf] lyof]
eg] csf]{lt/ dfcf]jfbL lx+;fsf] sf/0f b]vfP/ zflGtsf nflu /fhfsf] sbddf ;fy
lbg ;a}nfO{ cfXjfg ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . oL b'a} Ph]08f c?sf sdhf]/Ldf cfwfl/t
lyP .
# jif{sf] cjlwdf aGb'ssf] andf cfˆg} gful/s ;dfh agfpg], b/af/ k/:t k]zfut
;+3÷+;+:yfx? v8f ug]{, gSsnL ;+;b v8f ug]{ / To:sf nflu :yfgLo lgjf{rgsf]
xf}jf lk6fP/ cl3 a9g] of]hgf b/af/sf] lyof] . oLg} p2]Zon] xf]nf, klxn] lhNnf
cg'udg ;ldlt / qmdzM c~rn / If]lqo k|zf;sx?sf] lgo'lQm eof] . @)$& ;fnsf]
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgsf] rf]S6f rf]S6f n'5]/ /fhfn] cWofb]z dfk{mt 3f]if0ff
ub}{ sfg"gL /fHosf] bf]xf]nf] sf9\g' eof] . h:tf] df3 !( sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffsf]
w/ftn gsf/fTds Ph]08fdf cfwfl/t lyof], To;}sf] kl/0ffd :j?k gjlgld{t zfxL ;+/rgfx?
klg gsf/fTds g} lgl:sP . /fhgLlt1x?sf] t]hf]jw\ ug]{ p2]Zon] ul7t e|i6frf/ lj?4sf]
zfxL cfof]u To;}sf] pbfx/0f lyof] . k|:tfljt zfxL 9fFrfsf] hu vGg aGb'ssf] cf8df
lgdf{0f ul/Psf lhNnf cg'udgb]lv c~rn, If]lqo k|sfzs / zfxL cfof]u, oL ;a} lg/+s'ztfsf]
d"lt{ k|lti7flkt ug{ pTkGg ePsf o:tf cfs[lt lyP h:sf] sfg"gL /fHo;Fu
6f9f;Dd klg s'g} ;DaGw lyPg .
zfxL 3f]if0ffsf] % dlxgf leq} gsf/fTds k[i7e"lddf hlGdPsf oL ;f/f lgsfox?
w/fzfoL xFb} uPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . /fhfsf] s'l6n lgot b]z, ljb]zdf ;a}n] a'lem;s]sf
5g\ . b/af/nfO{ glhsaf6 a'e]msf dfG5]x? eG5g ls @)^! df3 !( cufl8 b/af/n] dfcf]jfbLx?;Fu
;Dks{ :yflkt u/L leqleq} ;Djfb a9fO/x]sf] lyof] . t/ df3 !( kl5 b/af/ cfk}mn]
Tof] ;DaGw ljR5]b u¥of] . cyf{t cftÍjfb lj?4sf] gfddf dfcf]jfbL lj?4
s7f]/ b[li6 /fv]h:tf] u/]/ b/af/ cGt/f{li6"o ;dy{g xfl;n ug{ rfxGYof] .
:ki6 5, dfcf]jfbLx?n] cfwf/e"t :jtGqtf / dfgj clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft gug]{
xf] eg] dfcf]jfbL emg} PlSnP/ hfG5g / dfcf]jfbLsf] Tolx Jojxf/sf sf/0f b/af/sf]
lg/+s'z ;Qfsf] cfo' nlDa/xG5 . csf]{lt/ /fhgLlts bnx? 5g\ h:sf] hgtfdf w]/yf]/
k|efj 5 . ljz]if u/]/ g]kfnsf] dWod / lgDg dWod ju{df clxn] klg sf+u|]; / Pdfn]
nufotsf /fhgLlts bnsf] /fd|f] ks8 5 . hgdt lgdf{0f ug]{ k|];, gful/s ;dfh /
k]zfut ;+3÷;+:yfx? k|hftGqsf vflt/ kf6L{x?nfO{ ;fy lbO/x]sf 5g\ . jf/
P;f]l;P;g / kqsf/ dxf;+3n] v'nf ?kdf cfGbf]ngg} 5]8]sf 5g\ . ;fy} clx+;fTds
cfGbf]ng ePsf] x'Fbf & bn Ps7fpFdf cfpg] ljlQs} pgLx?nfO{ ljZjsf k|d'v k|hftflGqs
d'n'sx?n] ;dy{g hgfO;s]sf 5g\ . o; cj:yfdf kl/jt{g lglZrt 5 t/ klg ck]lIft dfqfdf
cfGbf]ng k}mng g;Sg'df bnx?s} sdhf]/L 5 . sf/0f, hgtf Ps jfSodf ;'Gg rfxG5g\,
cfGbf]ngsf] nIo / sxfF gk'uL sf]xL klg kms{b}gg jf ;Demf}tf ub}{gg\ eGg] af/]df
. ha;Dd cfˆgf Ph]08fsf] lSni6tfnfO{ bnn] :ki6 ub}{gg\ / kl/dfh{g ;lxt cufl8
a9b}gg\ ta;Dd b/af/sf] lg/+s'ztfsf] cfo' nlDa/xG5 . To;}n] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf
cfGbf]ng/t bnx? / dfcf]jfbLn] ;do ;fk]If lg0f{o glnP;Dd b/af/sf] Psflwsf/ sfod
/lx/xG5 . oxfF k]m/L :d/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 ls /fhfn] bnx?sf] ljutsf] sdhf]/L /
dfcf]jfbL lx+;fsf] qf; b]vfP/g} hgfb]z dfUg' ePsf] 5 . t;y{ bnx?n] :j]tkq hf/L
u/L ljutsf q'6Lx?nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ eljiodf To:tf] gbf]xf]l/g] k|lta4tf klg cfjZos
5 . xf]Og eg] bnx?sf] ljutsf] q'6L clxn] af/Daf/ sf]6ofO/xg', hfgL ghfgL /fhfsf]
Ph]08fnfO{ ;dy{g 7xl/g k'U5 . ;do 5Fb} bnx? / dfcf]jfbLn] r]t]gg\ / clg0f{osf]
aGbL eP/ oyfl:yltdf /x] eg] lg/+s'ztfn] h/f] uf8g ;Sg]5 / To;a]nf l;l4g] /fhgLlts
bn / dfcf]jfbL g} x'g]5g .
cGtdf d aGbL cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] a]nf g]kfnL kf]i6df k|sflzt d]/f n]vx?sf] ;+u|xsf
?kdf efFlrPsf] snd k|sflzt ug'{ ePsf]df d g]kfnL kf]i6 kl/jf/nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb
1fkg ub{5' . Tof] k':tsn] ;j{q v}nfa}nf dRrfPsf] w]/}sf] l6Kk0fL 5 .
w]/}nfO{ nfUg ;Sb5 Pp6f cFWof/f] o'udf sl7g ofqf k|f/De ePsf] 5 t/ dnfO{ nfU5
pHofnf] 6f9f 5}g . af6f el/ sfF9fx? 5g\ / eL/df s'g}klg a]nf s;}n] ws]n]/ n8fOlbg]
;Defjgf 5 t/ xfd|f] of] b'Mvsf] ofqfn] g} ef]lnsf] lk9LnfO{ ;lhnf] af6f] agfO
lbg]5 . xfdL yfSg] 5}gf}+, nIoaf6 efUg] 5}gf}+, cljrlnt, clj/fd, ;d'Ggt nf]stGqsf
nflu xfd|f] cfGbf]ng hf/L /xg] 5 . :jfledfgx? gIfq h:t} rlDsG5g eg] sfo/x? Oltxf;sf]
eL8df x/fP/ hfG5g .
clen]vfno
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