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;dsfnLg g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] s]Gb"Lo k|Zg /fhtGq / nf]stGq aLrsf] ¢Gb xf] . aflx/L ?k kIf jf ;+ul7t /fhg}lts zlQmsf] lx;fan] olta]nf /fhfjfbL, ;+;bjfbL / qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL u/L tLg zlQm jLrsf] k|lt:kwf{ h:tf] b]lvP klg leqL ;f/tTj jf cGto{df d'Vo /fhg}lts cGt/lj/f]w clxn] klg /fhtGq / nf]stGq jLrdf g} xf] . @))& ;fnb]lvsf] /fhg}lts 36gfqmd / xfn} kfFrj6f ;+;bjfbL bnx?¢f/f k|:t't !* j'Fb] sfo{qmd tyf ut j}zfv !$ ut] k|yd r/0fsf] jftf{sf] qmddf xfdL dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't Go"gtd /fhg}lts Ph]08fsf] ;"Id cWoog ug]{ hf] s;}n] of] s'/f /fd|/L j'‰g ;Sb5 . qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? jLrdf xfd|f] tTsfnLg /fli6"o ;Gbe{df nf]stGqsf] df]8]n s:tf] x'g] eGg] ljifodf dtleGgtfx? eP klg ;j} vfn] nf]stGqsf] lglDt k/Dk/fut ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbL /fhtGq g} d'Vo jfws / b'Zdg xf] eGg] jf/] s'g} dtleGgtf 5}g / x'g ;Sb}g . k/Gt' ljut cfwf ;tfJbLb]lvsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] ;jeGbf 7"nf] lj8Djgf of] /xFb} cfPsf] 5 ls b'O{ yl/ -nf]stGqjfbL cyf{t qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL / ;+;bjfbL_ zlQmx?n] d'Vo ;fEfmf b'Zdg /fhtGqsf] lj?¢ ;+3if{ s]lGb"t ug'{ eGbf klg Pp6f jf csf]{ jxfgfdf cfk;df le8\g] jf ;z+lst jg]/ slxNo} gldNg] / k|sf/fGt/n] /fhtGqnfO{ g} ceobfg lbg] uNtL ul//x]5g\ . ljut krf; jif{df oltj]nf /fhtGq ;jeGbf sdhf]/ / jbgfd ePsf] tyf ;+;bjfbL / qmflGtsf/L hgjfbL zlQmx? d'vn] dfq xf]Og sfo{qmlds lx;fan] g} /fhtGqsf] lj?¢df a9L glhs x'g k'u]sf] cj:yfdf sltko cGt/f{li6"o zlQmx?n] ;+;bjfbLx?nfO{ k'g M nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngjf6 km'6fP/ /fhtGq ;dIf cfTd;dk{0f u/fpg] h'g if8\oGqd"ns b':k|of; ul//x]5g\ To;nfO{ a]n}df 7DofP/ k/f:t ug{ cfh ;a} nf]stflGqs zlQmx? Psh'6 x'g'k/]sf] 5 .
sltkon] g]kfnsf] ljlzi7 e"-/fhg}lts ;Gbe{df /fli6"o cv08tf / :jfwLgtf sfod /fVg /fhtGqsf] cem} klg cf}lrTo 5 / To;nfO{ æ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÆ sf] ?kdf hLljt /fVg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] h'g lh/x ub{5g\ Tof] ljNs'n} j:t';+ut / ts{;+ut 5}g . lsgls, klxnf] s'/f t, ;fgf;fgf e'/]6fs'/] /fHo sljnfOx?nfO{ ank"j{s ldr]/ s]GbL"o ;fdGtL /fHo;Qf lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf /fhtGqsf] h'g g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf x'g ;SbYof] clxn] nf]stflGqs 9+un] gofF cfwf/df gofF /fli6"o Pstf sfod u/]/ j}b]lzs ;fd|fHojfbL / lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]k / cltqmd0fsf] k|lt/f]w ub}{ /fli6"o cv08tf / :jfwLgtf sfod ug'{kg]{ k"FlhjfbL / ;dfhjfbL o'udf /fhtGqjf6 Tof] e"ldsf c;Dej dfq xf]Og k|To'Tkfbs ;d]t x'G5 . ckjfb :j?k sltko t]>f]ljZjsf d'n'sx?df k/Dk/fut /fhtGqdf afFsL /x]sf] ;fdGtL /fi6"jfbn] ljb]zL cfqmd0fsf] j]nf qmflGtsf/L b]zeQmx?nfO{ s]xL ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ;Defjgf /x]klg xfd|f] ;Gbe{df ;fdfGot : ;'uf}nL-;GwL otf / d'Vo?kdf s'Voft gf/fo0flx6Lsf08 otf /fhtGq pN6} ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx?sf] ;jeGbf 7"nf] bnfn jg]sf] 7f]; P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df cj klg /fhtGqnfO{ æ/fli6"otfsf] k|tLsÆ dfGg' eGbf 7"nf] d"v{tf c? s]xL x'g} ;Sb}g . oxfFg]/ d'Vo Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/f s] xf] eg] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg æ/fhtGqÆ jf gj-/fhtGqsf] d"n lelq rl/q bnfn k"lhjfbL alg;s]sf] / To;n] aflx/ hgtfnfO{ e|d lbg dfq} ;fdGtL /fi6"jfbsf] cfj/0f le/]sf] x'gfn] cj To;jf6 s'g} klg ;fdf|Hojfb / lj:tf/jfb lj/f]wL e"ldsf ;Dej x'Fb} xF'b}g . cfh /fhtGqsf] kIfdf b]zleqsf hgtf / /fhg}lts zlQmx? eGbf klg ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx? j9L pQfpnf] k|sf/n] b]vfkg'{n] /fhtGqsf] c;nL bnfn rl/q k|:6 ?kn] pbf+luPsf] 5 .
bf]>f] s'/f, cf}Bf]lus k"Flhjfbsf] hu ga;]sf xfd|f] h:tf t]>f] ljZjsf cw{-;fdGtL tyf cw{-cf}klgj]l;s b]zx?df sxL+ klg zf:qLo cy{sf] æ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÆ sfod ePsf] 5}g / x'g ;Sb}g . lsgls P]ltxfl;s ?kn] ';+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ sf] :yfkgf ;fdGtjfb lj?¢ ljhoL k"Flhklt ju{n] cfˆgf] g]t[Tjdf / cfˆg} lxt /IfflglDt u/]sf] xf] / ;fdGtjfb;Fu ofrgf u/]/ …;+j}wflgs /fhtGqÚ sfod u5{' eGg' Pp6f levf/Ln] lev dfu]/ uugr'DjL dxn v8f ug]{ ;kgf b]Vg' h:t} xf] . km]l/ Oltxf;df cfh;Dd sxL+ klg /fhf cfkm}n] lbPsf] ;+ljwfg cGtu{t æ;+j}wflgsÆ eP/ /x]sf] 5}g / ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] agfPsf] ;+ljwfg cGt{ut dfq} /fhf æ;+j}wflgsÆ x'g;S5 . t/ xfdL sxfF ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] ;+ljwfg agfpg] ;jf]{Qd ljlw ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ @))& ;fnb]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf nTofP/ /fhtGqn] cfkm" ;Rrf cy{df æ;+j}wflgsÆ eP/ g/xg] b[9tf Jojxf/t M k'i6L ul/;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] sy+sbflrt\ Pp6f ljlzi7 P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df /fhtGqnfO{ cfd /fli6"o ;xdltn] æ;+j}wflgsÆ agfP/ /fVg] kl/sNkgf ug]{ xf] eg] klg ;aeGbf klxn] To;nfO{ hg;+3if{sf] andf u2Laf6 v;fn]/ dfq kl5 ;fj{ef}d hgtfn] agfPsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/df /fVg ;lsG5 . t/ ljlGtkq / cg'goljgosf] e/df clxn]sf] lg/+s'z /fhtGqnfO{ æ;+j}wflgsÆ agfpg] sNkgf ug{' 3f]/ d"v{tf / cfTd3ftL sbd dfq x'g] ;':ki6 5 .
hxfF;Dd xfdL qmflGtsf/L hgjfbLx?n] cfˆgf] 3f]lift u0ftGqsf] sfo{qmd 5Fbf5Fb} b'O{÷b'O{ k6s;Dd /fhtGqfTds ;Qf;Fu zflGt-jftf{ u/]sf] s'/f 5, Tof] eLif0f hgo'¢af6 cflh{t z:qan / hgandf cfwfl/t eP/ b]zsf] ljlzi7 e"-/fhg}lts cjl:ylt / ljBdfg /fhg}lts zlQm;Gt'ngnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ zflGtk"0f{ 9+un] k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] lbzfdf cl3 a9\g] lhDd]bf/Lk"0f{ / OdfGbf/ kxn lyof] . xfd|f] lgMzt{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|:tfjsf] cf}lrTo / dd{ cfkm'nfO{ æckl/jt{gLoÆ jf æckl/xfo{ cfwf/Æ dfGg] /fhtGqnfO{ ;fj{ef}d hgtfsf] s73/fdf pleP/ cfˆgf] eljiosf] 5gf}6 ug{ v'nf r'gf}tL lyof] . xfdLn] cGTo;Dd ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|Zgdf c8fg lng'sf] cy{ klg /fhtGqsf] sF'hL k|ZgnfO{ ;bfsf]lglDt xn u/]/ k"FlhjfbL nf]stGqnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg' lyof] . ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{qmdn] ;+;bjfbLx?sf !*-a'FbfnfO{ :jtM ;d]6\g] t/ !*-a'F'b] sfo{qmdn] xfdL¢f/f k|:t't ;+ljwfg;ef ;lxtsf Go"gtd /fhg}lts Ph]08fnfO{ ;d]6\g g;Sg] ePsfn] xfd|f] zflGt-jftf{ k|lqmofaf6 c? nf]stflGqs zlQmx? ;z+lst x'g'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f lyPg / eljiodf klg x'g ;Sb}g .
;du|df /fhtGq jgfd nf]stGq g} cfhsf] g]kfnsf] k|d'v /fhg}lts d'2f xf] . b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts ljs[lt / lj;+ultsf] s]Gb"ljGb" jg]sf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'z / bnfn /fhtGqnfO{ ;d"n gi6 gu/L b]zdf s'g} klg df]8]nsf] nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf / b]z / hgtfsf] ;'/Iff / k|ult ;Dej 5}g . ;fy} ;jf b'O ;o jif{b]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf /fHo;Qf sAhf u/]/ j;]sf] /fhtGqdfly d"n jx; s]lGb"t gu/L c?dfly bf]if yf]kg{ vf]Hg' 6fpsf] b'v]sf] cf}ifwL gfO6fdf nufpg' h:t} xf] .

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t/ cfh ljZjdf / g]kfndf 3f]/ lj8Djgf s] xf] eg] ;z:q jnsf] e/df cfˆgf] gfhfoh /fHo;Qf l6sfpg] / ljZje/ bfbflu/L dRrfpg]x? g} nf]stGqsf of]¢fx?nfO{ lg/k]If æzflGtÆ sf] pkb]Zf lbO/x]5g\ / To;df d'VotM xfd|f ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? csd{0otfdf nlO/x]5g\ . b]zleq olta]nf /fhtGqsf] r'/Lkm'/Lsf] d'Vo cfwf/ zfxL ;]gfdflysf] p;sf] k/Dk/fut Psflwsf/ xf] eg] *) k|ltzt ;+;bLo l;6 / dtsf] bfjL ug]{ ;+;jfbL bnx? lg/Lxtfk"j{s /fhb/jf/sf] 9f]sf s'/]/ a:g' kg]{ sf/0f pgLx?;+u s'g} ;z:q ;]gf gx'g' xf] . s'/f] olt k|i6 x'FbfxF'b} klg b/jfl/of e/f}6] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ slyt ;femf ;'/Iff ansf] ?kdf k|rf/ u/]/ hgtf / /fhg}lts bnx?nfO{ lgz:q kfg]{ h'g if8\oGq e}/x]5 xfd|f] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] clxn];Ddsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] sdhf]/ kIf g} ToxL xf] . g]kfndf vfln /fhtGqn] dfq ;z:q ;]gfsf] dxTj a'em]sf] b]lvG5 / To;dfly cfˆgf] lgoGq0f sfod /fVg xd]zf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . @)$& ;fndf cfkm" lgs} sdhf]/ ag]sf] j]nfdf klg slyt ;'/Iff ;ldltsf] Joj:yf u/]/ zfxL ;]gfdflysf] cfÎgf] k/Dk/fut ks8nfO{ p;n] sfod} /fVg' / xfn}sf] jftf{k|s/0fsf] j]nf ;j} s'/f 5f]8\g ;Sg] t/ zfxL ;]gf dflysf] lgoGq0f 5f]8\g g;Sg] c8fg lng' To;}sf] kl/rfos xf] .
To;}n] b]zdf nf]stGqnfO{ k"0f{tf lbg / To;sf] ;'/Iff ug{ b/jf/sf] e/f}6] ;]gfsf] ?kdf /xFb} cfPsf] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ lj36g u/]/ k"0f{ nf]stflGqs cfwf/df gofF /fli6"o ;]gfsf] lgdf{0f ug{' ckl/xfo{ k"j{zt{ xf] . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?n] clxn] eg] em}+ sfg"gL ?kn] dfq} zfxL ;]gfnfO{ hgk|ltlglw;efsf] clwgdf /fv]/ To;sf] ;fdGtL, bnfn / kmfl;:6 rl/qdf kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sb}g . lsgls zfxL ;]gfsf] Oltxf;, ;+/rgf, ljrf/wf/f, ;+:s[lt / sfo{z}nL olt nf]stGqlj/f]wL 5 ls To;nfO{ sfg"gL jf cf}krfl/s 9+un] ;xh} nf]stflGqs / /fli6"o ?k lbg' c;Dej dfq geP/ cfTd3ftL ;d]t x'g]5 . dlxnf, dw];L ;d'bfo, blnt / clwsf+z pTkLl8t / If]qx?sf] ;xeflutf g/x]sf], pRr clkm;/ txdf /f0ff zfx kl/jf/ / ef/bf/x?sf] jr{:j /x]sf], j}rfl/s lx;fjn] 3f]lift /kdf g} b]z / hgtfk|lt eGbf æg/]zÆ k|lt jkmfbf/ /x]sf] / Jof/]sdf j:g] :yfoL ;]gfsf] ?kdf hg;d'bfojf6 nfdf] ;dob]lv s6\b} cfPsf] x'gfn] zfxL ;]gf slxNo} hgtfsf] ;]gf jf /fli6"o ;]gf x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n] xfdLn] ;Rrf nf]stGqk|lt 7"nf] pQ/bfloTjjf]wsf ;fy xfn} ;DkGg jftf{ k|lqmofdf ljleGg ju{, hflt, If]q, ln+usf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] gofF /fli6"o ;]gf lgdf{0f ug]{ k|:tfj k|?t't u/]sf xf}+ / To;k|ltsf] /fhb/jf/sf] c;xdlt g} jftf{ c;kmn x'g'sf] Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f lyof] .
oL ;a} /fli6"o tyf cGt/f{li6"o cg'ejx?jf6 l;s]/ b]zdf k"0f{ nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf / /Iffsf]lglDt hgtfsf] cfÎg} gofF /fli6"o ;]gf lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fdf ;j} nf]stGqjfbLx?sf] Wofg s]lGb"t x'g' h?/L 5 . ;z:q ;]gf h:tf] /fHo;Qfsf] cxd\ k|ZgnfO{ cf]em]n /fv]/ nf]stGqsf] n8fOF lhTg] sNkgf ug{' h:tf] d'v{tf c? s]xL x'g} ;Sb}g . To; cy{df klxnf]rf]l6 ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?n] cfÎgf] !*-aF'b] sfo{qmddf ;]gfsf] k|Zg ;dfj]z u/]/ s]xL k|ult cjZo u/]sf 5g\, t/ ljlGtkq / sfg"gL k|lqmofn] dfq ;lhn} ;fdGtL e/f}6] zfxL ;]gf nf]stflGqs ;]gfdf ?kfGt/0f xf]nf eGg] ;f]Rg' k'gM csf]{ P]ltxfl;s e"n x'g]5 .

/fli6"otfsf] k|Zg

xfd|f] h:tf] t]>f] ljZjsf] pTkLl8t d'n's tyf b'O{ 7'nf b]zx? JfLrsf] ljlzi7 e"-/fhg}lts cj:yfdf ePsf] b]zsf]lglDt /fli6"otfsf] k|Zg nf]stflGqs /fhgLltsf] csf]{ cfwf/e"t kIf xf] . t/ xfd|f] /fhg}lts bl/b"tf egf}+ jf Oltxf;sf] lj8Djgf egf}+ b]zdf nfdf] ;dob]lv /fli6"otf / nf]stGqsf] k|Zg Ps csf{sf k"/ssf] ;§f jfws jf lj/f]wLsf] ?kdf k|:t't xF'b} cfPsf] 5 / To;n] b'a}nfO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofpb} cfPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf /fli6"otfsf] cjwf/0ff k"FlhjfbL o'usf] pkh xf] / To;sf] j:t'ut cfwf/ :jb]zL kF"hLsf]lglDt ;'/lIft ahf/ / jfx\o Psflwsf/ kF"hLsf] cltqmd0faf6 ;+/If0f xf] . To;/L g} nf]stGqsf] cjwf/0ff klg k|lt:kwf{Tds k"FlhjfbL o'usf] pkh xf] . To;}n] /fli6"otf / nf]stGq cfk;df cGt/;DalGwt, cGof]Gofl>t / k"/s x'G5g / x'g'kb{5 . nf]stGqn] cfGtl/s ?kdf lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ ;fdGtjfbsf lj?¢ ;+3if{ u5{ eg] /fli6"otfn] afx\o ?kdf lyrf]ldrf] ug]{ ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?¢ ;+3if{ u5{ . ctM cfGtl/s / jfx\o zf]if0f-pTkL8gsf] lj?¢ ;+3if{ g} nf]stGq / /fli6"otf jLrsf] Pstfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ x'G5 / x'g'kb{5 . t/ xfdLsxfF cf}Bf]lus kF"lhjfbsf] c;fWo} Go"g ljsf;sf] sf/0fn] ha bnfn k"Flhjfbn] ;fd|fHojfb;Fu 3fF6L hf]8]/ cf}krfl/s nf]stGqsf] em08f af]Sg yfNof] tj eml:sPsf] ;fdGtjfbn] To;sf] lj?¢df gSsnL d08n] /fi6"jfbsf] em08f p7fP/ cfˆgf] l:ylt ;b[9 ug{ vf]Hof] . o;/L P]ltxfl;s ?kdf z'? ePsf] gSsnL nf]stGq / gSsnL /fi6"jfb aLrsf] 5fofF-o'¢ sfnfGt/df b'j} gSsnLx? Gf+flub} uP kl5 clxn] ;Rrf nf]stGq / ;Rrf /fli6"otf aLrsf] P]ltxfl;s Pstfsf] s8L k'gM hf]l8g ;Sg] j:t'ut l:ylt tof/ ePsf] 5 . To;}n] Ps};fy leqL ?kdf ;fdGtjfb / jflx/L ?kdf ;fd|fHojfbsf] lj/f]w ug]{ nf]stflGqs tyf k|ultzLn /fli6"otfsf] k|jw{g ug{' cfh P]ltxfl;s cfjZostf / ;Defjgf jg]sf] 5 .
xfd|f] ;Gbe{df /fli6"otfsf] 7f]; d'2f eg]sf] ;g\ !(%) sf] g]kfn-ef/t ;GwL nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ c;dfg ;GwL-;Demf}tfx?sf] vf/]hL, gful/sx? ljb]zdf ef8fsf] ;}lgs aGg] ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] cGTo, v'nf ;Ldfgfsf] lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg, /fli6"o >f]t-;Dkfbfdfly ljb]zL Psflwsf/sf] cGTo, b]zleq ljb]zL ;}lgs x:tIf]k / pkl:ylt sf] cGTo, b]zsf] cy{tGqdf cGt/f{li6"o ljTtLo kF"hLsf] x}sdsf] cGTo cflb g} x'g\ . oL 7f]; k|Zgx?nfO{ yftL /fv]/ vfln cd"t{ æ/fli6"otfÆ sf] s'/f ug{' 3f]/ kfv08 / a]OdfgL xf], h'g cfh;Ddsf ;Qfwf/Lx?n] ub}{ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} P]ltxfl;s ?kdf ef/t / rLgsf] leGg leGg ;fdl/s :jfy{sf] ¢Gbdf lkl;b} cfPsf] xfd|f] /fli6"otfdfly s]xL ;do otf ljZjsf] dQf xfQL h:tf] jg]sf] PSnf] cltdxfzlQm cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;}lgs / u}/-;}lgs cltqmd0f h'g ltj| 9+un] jl9/x]sf] 5 To;nfO{ j]n}df cGTo gug]{ xf] eg] xfdLdfly 3f]/ /fli6"o ljklQ cfOkg]{ :jtM l;¢ 5 . Oltxf;df cfkm' ;QfRo't x'g nfu]sf] j]nf k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sx?n] ljb]zL ;}lgs x:tIf]k lgDTofP/ eo+s/ /fli6"o u2f/L ug]{ u/]sf] s6' k/Dk/fsf] k''g/fj[lQ x'g glbg ;Dk"0f{ nf]stflGqs zlQmx?n] a]n}df /fli6"otfsf] cxd\ k|Zgdf ;femf ;xdlt sfod ug{' h?/L 5 . cGttM /fli6"o :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff nf]stflGqs 9+un] ;+ul7t, ;r]t / ;z:q hgtfn] dfq ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;j}n] Vofn /fVg cfjZos 5 . ;fy} xfd|f] ljlz:7 e"-/fhg}lts ;Gbe{df b'O 7"nf l5d]sLx?;+usf] c;+nUg / ;Gt'lnt ;DjGw g} xfd|f] /fli6"o :jfwLgtfsf] d'Vo s'FhL xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg ;j}n] bx|f];Fu kqmg h?/L 5 .

hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo / blnt k|Zg

xfd|f] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] csf]{ cxd\ d''2f hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo pTkL8g / ltgaf6 d'lQmsf] k|Zg xf] . hj;Dd b]zsf] cTolws ax';+Vofdf /x]sf pTkLl8t hflt÷hghfltx?, dw];L ;d'bfo, ;]tL-dxfsfnL / s0ff{nLsf pTkLl8t If]qx?, blntx? / dlxnfx?n] o''uf}+b]lv /fHo;Qfdf Psflwsf/ hdfPsf] sf7df8f}++ s]lGb"t kxfl8of v;-cfo{, slyt pRr hftLo lxGb" cx+sf/jfb / lkt[;Qfjf6 k"0f{ d'lQm kfpg ;Sb}gg\ ta;Dd s'g} klg k|sf/sf] nf]stGqn] ;dfhdf h/f] uf8\g} ;Sb}g . ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ hflt÷ hghflt / If]qx? JaLrdf :j]lR5s 9+un] gofF cfwf/df gofF /fli6"o Pstf ljgf cfGtl/s /fli6"otf jlnof] / lbuf] x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;Dk""0f{ pTkLl8t hflt tyf If]qx?nfO{ cfTd-lg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxt :jzfgsf] Joj:yf / blnt tyf dlxnfx?nfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ ;lxt ;a} If]q -cyf{t /fHo;Qf, ;]gf, ;DklQ, /f]huf/L, lzIff OToflb _- df ;dfg''kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttf xfd|f] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] d'Vo Ph]08f agfOg'kb{5 . xfd|f] cfˆg} b]z, sfn / kl/l:ylt ;'xfpFbf] gofF 9+usf] nf]stGqsf] df]8]n klg oxL qmddf dfq} ljsl;t x'g;S5 .
cfh vfzu/L ljut kf}g] cf7 jif{sf] eLif0f hgo'¢n] l;h{gf u/]sf] rf}tkmL{ ljb"f]xsf] kl/0ffd :j?k hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo / blnt k|Zg /fli6"o /fhgLltsf] d"n Ph]08fdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ cem} klg /fhfjfbL / ;+;bjfbL v]dfdf oL cfwf/e"t k|Zgx?af/] uDeL/ j}rfl/s / gLltut sdhf]/Lx? ljBdfg 5g\ / pgLx?n] ;fdfGo ;'wf/fTds sbdx?¢f/f oL uxg d'2fx?nfO{ lsgf/f nufpg] k|oTg ul//x]5g\ . k/Gt' /fHo;Qfsf] k|Zg g} jt{dfg ¢Gbsf] s]Gb"ljGb' ePsfn] pTkLl8t hflt, If]q, dlxnf / blntx?nfO{ gofF /fHo;Qfdf ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] Uof/]G6L ug]{ / cfˆgf] efUosf] km};nf cfkm} ug{ kfpg] s'/f g} lg0ff{os k|Zg xf] / To;}df ;j} ;Rrf nf]stGqjfbL zlQmx? Psdt x'g' h?/L 5 .

cfly{s kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] k|Zg

o'uf}+b]lv cw{-;fdGtL h8tf / cw{ cf}klgj]l;s k/fwLgtfdf hsl8Psf] / r/d u/LaL, a]/f]huf/L, cNkljsf;, ljifdtf / k/fl>ttf d'Vo rfl/lqs ljz]iftf ePsf] b]zLo cy{tGqdf cfd""n kl/jt{g u/]/ :jtGq, cfTdlge{/, pGgt / ultzLn cy{Joj:yfsf] cfwf/ v8f gu/L b]zdf g t jf:tljs nf]stGq :yflkt x'g ;S5, g To;n] :yfoLTj k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . cGttM ;dfhsf] cfly{s cfwf/ (base) df g} /fhg}lts clw/rgf (superstructure) v8f x'g] ePsfn] cfw'lgs nf]stGqsf] :yfkgflglDt /fli6"o cf}Bf]lus k"FlhjfbL cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f clgjfo{ k"j{zt{ jg]sf] x'G5 . t/ xfd|f] ;Gbe{df eg] ;fdGtL /fhtGqjfbLx?sf] t s'/} 5f]8f}+ cfkm"nfO{ k"FlhjfbL nf]stGqsf 7]s]bf/ ;Demg] ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?;Fu ;d]t ;fd|fHojfbL cGt/f{li6"o ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] cfˆg} :jfy{sf]lglDQ cl3 ;f/]sf yf]qf cfly{s gLltx?sf] cGwfg's/0f ug'{ l;jfo b]zsf] cfd"n kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf] s'g} df}lns lrGtg / gLlt /x]sf] 5}g . To;}n] cfly{s nf]stGq / /fli6"otfsf] Go"gtd ;femf Ph]08f to ug{' cfh b]zdf cToGt h?/L ePsf] 5 .
To;lglDt, klxnf] s'/f, c:;L k|ltzt eGbf j9L >dzlQm cfwfl/t / ;jeGbf u/LjL, j]/f]huf/L -cw{-j]/f]huf/L / 5b\d-j]/f]huf/L ;d]t_, ljifdtf / Go"g pTkfbsTjsf] s]Gb" /x]sf] s[lifIf]qsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gsf]lglDt æhdLg hf]Tg]sf]Æ l;¢fGtsf] cfwf/df qmflGtsf/L e"ld;'wf/ ul/g'kb{5 / e"ldsf] k'glj{t/0f kl5 Jofks ;xsf/L cleofg, /fli6"o l;+rfO of]hgf / s[lifsf] rf}tkmL{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ;+rfng ul/g'k5{ . bf]>f] s'/f, cg'TkfbgzLn If]q / ljnfl;tfdf v]/ u}/x]sf] ljzfn k"FhLnfO{ /fli6"os/0f u/]/ d"ntM >d-k|wfg k|ljlw / cfoft-k|lt:yfkg gLlt cGtu{t /fli6"o cf}Bf]uLs/0f of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ / /fli6"o pBf]u, jfl0fHo / ljQnfO{ ;d'lrt k|f]T;fxg / ;+/IF0f k|bfg ul/g'k5{ . t]>f] s'/f, lj:t[t /fli6"o k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u'?of]hgf cGtu{t ljzfn hn>f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u u/]/ ;Dk"0f{ b]zsf] ljB''tLs/0f ug]{, oftfoft / ;+rf/ ;j{;'ne agfpg], Jojl:yt jl:t k|0ffnL / zx/Ls/0f nfu" ug]{ / ufpF tyf zx/ / kxf8 tyf t/fO{ jLr ;Gt'lnt ljsf; sfod ug]{ gLlt / of]hgf sfof{Gjog ul/g'k5{ .
d'Vo s'/f cy{tGqnfO{ cw{-;fdGtL / cw{-cf}klgj]l;s ;f+Unf]af6 d'Qm ug]{ ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gaf6 dfq} b]zdf cfly{s ljsf;sf] d"n km'6fpg ;lsG5 / /fli6"o cfTdlge{/tfdf d'Vo hf]8 lb+b} lug]r'g]sf] dfq jfx\o ;xof]u, C0f / nufgL leq\ofOg'k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ;Dk"0f{ b]zeQm / nf]stflGqs zlQmx?jLr cfd ;xdlt x''g' h?/L 5 .

;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf] k|Zg

dflg;sf] r]tgf, ;+:sf/ / cfr/0fdf tbg's'n kl/jt{g geP;Dd b'lgofFdf sxL+ klg nf]stGqn] h/f] uf8\g ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf] k|Zg xfd|f] cfGbf]ngsf] csf]{ c;fWo} dxTjk"0f{ d'2f x'g'k5{ . ;of}+ jif{b]lv xfd|f] ;dfh / ;+:s[ltsf] d'Vo cfwf/ ;fdGtjfb /xb} cfPsfn] To;sf d'Vo ljz]iftfx? ?l9jfb, efUojfb, cfWofTdjfb, wfld{s s§/tf, hftLo ;+sL0f{tf / 5'jf5't, ln+uLo e]befj, cGwljZjf;, hfb'-6'gfd'gf, af]S;L-em+fqmL k|yf cflb ;dfhdf JofKt 5g\ . ltgsf] cGTo u/]/ ;dfhdf 1fg, lj1fg, ts{, ljj]s, dfgjtf, ;dfgtf cflb nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltsf u'0fx? :yflkt ug'{ cToGt} h?/L ePsf] 5 .
To;sf] lglDt d'VotM oL s'/fx?df hf]8 lbg' kb{5-klxnf] s'/f, wd{ / /fHonfO{ Ps csf{af6 cnu u/]/ k"0f{?kn] wd{-lg/k]If /fHo lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ . wd{ dfGg] jf gdfGg] / s'g wd{ dfGg] eGg] s'g} dflg;sf] ljz'¢ JolQmut dfldnf ePsf]n] s'g} klg nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLdf /fHosf] wd{ eGg] s'/f x''g} ;Sb}g . wd{-;fk]IF /fHo / nf]stGq ljNs'n cGt/lj/f]wL s'/f x'g\ . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df clxn];Dd /fhtGqn] cfˆgf] :jfy{sf] lglDt /fHonfO{ ælxGb"Æ gfdfs/0f ub}}{ cfPsf] eP klg ca ;a} vfn] nf]stGqjfbL zlQmx?n] To;nfO{ jbn]/ wd{-lg/k]If /fHo sfod ug}{ k5{ . bf]>f] s''/f, b]zdf JofKt lg/If/tf, c1fg / clzIff g} k5f}6] ;fdGtL ;+:s[ltsf] jfxs / nf]stGqsf]lglDt jfws /xb} cfPsf]n] lglZrt cjlwleq lg/If/tf pGd"ng ug]{ / ;a}nfO{ j}1flgs, lgMz''Ns / ;j{;'ne lzIff k|bfg ug]{ /fli6"o cleofg ;+rfng ul/g''k5{ . 1fg / lj1fgsf] Hof]lt ljgf ;fdGtjfbL ;+:s[ltsf] h/f] sf6]/ nf]stflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{ c;Dej ePsfn] lzIffnfO{ nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] Ph]08fdf pRr k|fyldstf lbg}k5{ .
oL cltl/Q nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng / ;dfhsf] ljsf; sf] qmd ;+u;+u} ljljw 9+usf] k|ultzLn ;+f:s[lts cfGbf]ng lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;+rfng ub}{ hfg'kg]{ s'/f :jt Ml;¢ 5 .

lgisif{

pk/f]Qm ^ j6f d"ne"t aF'bfx? g} ;dsfnLg g]kfnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf cwf/e"t / ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg x'g\ . xfdLn] tTsfnLg ;+o'Qm hgdf]rf{sf] tkm{af6 k|:t't u/]sf $)-;"qLo dfu, jLrdf æhg-kl/ifbÆ sf] tkm{af6 kfl/t ul/Psf] &%-jF'b] sfo{qmd / kl5Nnf] k6s jftf{sf] qmddf k|:t't u/]sf Go"gtd cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] Ph]08fnfO{ ;f/tM log} ^ j6f aF''bfx?df ;+If]kLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng olt a]nf Pp6f pTsif{df k'Ug nfu]sf] a]nf oL jF'bfx?df ;a} ;+;bjfbL / u}/-;+;bjfbL nf]stflGqs zlQmx? / jf}l¢s j[Qdf uxg 5nkmn xf];\ / Go"gtd ;femf ;xdlt sfod xf];\ eGg] xfd|f] xflb{s cfu|x 5 .