rf}tf/L
clen]vfno
Dffcf]jfbL Pdfn] jftf{k|s/0faf/]
8f=afa'/fd e§/fO{
gf]e]Da/ #), @))#
xfn} g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ / g]=s=kf= -Pdfn]_ aLr zLif{:y g]t[Tj txdf ePsf] jftf{af/]
/fli6"o / cGt/f{li6"o txdf ;d]t rrf{ / ax; rln/x]sf] 5 . b]zsf b'O{
k|d'v /fhg}lts zlQmx? aLr b]zdf ljBdfg uDeL/ /fhg}lts ;+s6sf] qmddf ePsf] of]
/fhg}lts e]63f6 / s'/fsfgLaf/] To;k|sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs rf;f] /xg' ljNs'n :jfefljs
s'/f xf] . ;fy} of] /fhg}lts ;+jfbnfO{ ljleGg /fli6"o / cGt/f{li6"o
zlQmx?n] cfcfgf] :jfy{ / a'emfOsf] :t/ cg';f/ JofVof / ckJofVof ug{' klg
;fdfGo s'/f xf] .
;j{k|yd ;a}nfO{ s] s'/f :ki6 x'g cfj:os 5 eg] of] jftf{ b'j} tkm{af6 ljNs'n
;r]t, of]hgfj¢ / sl/j sl/j v'nf 9+un] ePsf] 5 / o;nfO{ cgfjZos 9+un] /x:odo
agfpg' s'g} h?/L 5}g . xfd|f] kf6L{n] z'?b]lv g} b]zdf lqkIfLo zlQm;Gt'ngsf]
l:yltnfO{ :jLsfb}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 / :yfoL 9+un] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] lglDt dfcf]jfbL,
;+;bjfbL / /fhfjfbL tLg}yl/ zlQm aLr jftf{ / ;Djfbsf] k|:tfj /fVb} cfO/x]sf]
5 . ut o'¢lj/fd / zflGtjftf{sf] sfndf klg xfdLn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf Psflt/ k'/fgf]
;Qfwf/L /fhfjfbLx? / csf]{lt/ k'/fgf] / gofF ;Qfsf] aLrdf plePsf ;+;bjfbLx?;+u
jftf{, ;Djfb, e]63f6 ul//x]s} xf}+ . sltko lglxt :jfyL{ ljb]zL zlQm s]Gb"x?sf]
pS;fx6df b]zleqsf] Pp6f ;}Go pGdfbL lu/f]xn] jftf{nfO{ /fhg}lts lgsf;ljxLg 9+un]
j:t't: e+u x'g] cj:yfdf k'¥ofP kl5 gof+ ag]sf] ;+3if{sf] l:yltdf klg xfd|f]
kf6L{n] ;fdfGotM ;a};+u / d'VotM zfxL k|ltudg lj?¢ ;+3if{/t ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?;+u
jftf{ / ;Djfb hf/L /fVg] lg0f{o u/]sf] ;j}nfO{ cjut g} 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{sf] ut
dlxgf ;DkGg kf]ln6Jo"/f]sf] a}7sn] lqkIfLo ;+3if{sf] l:ylt cj qmdzM l¢kIfLo
aGb} uPsf] / cGttM To;/L dfq} ;d:ofsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg x'g ;Sg] ljZn]if0f k|:t't
u/]/ vfzu/L ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?;Fu gofF 9+un] jftf{ k|lqmof cl3 j9fpg] lg0f{o u/]kl5
o; k|sf/sf] zLif{:y :t/sf] jftf{n] k|d'vtf kfpg' ljNs'n :jfefljs xf] . To;}
qmddf g} lj3l6t ;+;bsf] d'Vo ljkIf zlQmsf] x}l;otn] Pdfn];Fu klxnf] r/0fsf]
jftf{ ;DkGg ePsf] xf] / ca o;/L g} sf+u|]; / cGo kf6L{x?;Fu klg qmdzM jftf{
ub}{ hfg] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] 3f]lift gLlt xf] .
hxfF;Dd Pdfn];Fusf] jftf{df s] s] s'/f eP eGg] lh1f;f 5, b'O lhDd]jf/ /fhg}lts
kf6L{sf zLif{:y g]tfx? Oltxf;sf] of] ;Dj]bgzLn 38L / lg0ff{os df]8sf] a]nf e]6
xF'bf ug{'kg]{ ;j} dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx? ToxfF ePsf 5g\ . ToxfF If'b" /
;+sL0f{ kf6L{ut :jfy{ eGbf dfly p7]/ b]z / hgtfn] Jou|tfk"j{s k|tLIff ul//x]sf]
cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;nfO{ s;/L kmnLe"t agfpg] eGg] s'/fnfO{ g} s]Gb"df
/fv]/ b'O{ lbg;Dd uDeL/ 9+un] jftf{ ePsf] 5 . cnu cnu /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt af]s]/
lx+8]sf b'O{ kf6L{ aLrsf km/s km/s ;f]rx? klg ToxfF :jfefljs ?kn] cleJoQm ePsf
5g\ . t}klg d'Vo ?kdf cfcfgf hfg]dfg]sf km/s km/s tTsfnLg sfo{gLltx?sf
aLrdf s;/L ldngljGb' vf]Hg] / b]znfO{ cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; lbg] eGg] ljifodf
g} b'j} kIfsf] Wofg s]lGb"t ePsf] 5 . z'?df Pdfn] dxf;lrj dfwj g]kfnnfO{
pb\3[t ub}{ sltko ;+rf/ dfWodx?n] k|;fl/t u/]sf s'/fx?n] l¢kIfLo jftf{jf/]
s]xL e|d / cGof]n l;h{gf u/] klg kl5 jxfFn] d+;L/ * ut]sf] sflGtk'/ b}lgsdf
lbPsf] cGtjf{tf{af6 w]/} s'/f k|i6 ePsf] 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfU5 . l¢kIfLo
jftf{df ePsf d'Vo d'Vo s'/fx? ltg} x'g\ . Pdfn]n] cfgf] s'/f /fVof] /
dfcf]jfbLn] klg cfgf] s'/f /fVof] . sltko ;xdltsf s'/f eP eg] sltko ljdltsf
s'/f klg eP . rlr{t l;lnu'8L jftf{, o'¢lj/fdtfsfsf k6sk6ssf sf7df8f}+ jftf{
/ xfn}sf] jftf{ u/L ;j} 7fpFdf pkl:yt ePsf] gftfn] d]/f] JolQmut cg'dfg rflx+
s] xf] eg] o; k6ssf] jftf{ j9L ;sf/fTds /x]sf] 5 . Pdfn] g]t[Tj / d'VotM dfwj
g]kfnn] cfgf egfO / u/fOdf slt ;fdf~h:o /fVg'x'G5 To;}df g} of] jftf{sf]
efjL kl/0ffd lge{/ /xg]5 . ;f] s'/f xfd|f] kf6L{ / g]t[Tjdf klg nfu" x'G5
g} . To;}n] xfd|f] tkm{af6 xfdL ;j}nfO{ s] cfZj:t kfg{ rfxG5f}+ eg] xfd|f] eGffO
/ u/fOdf slxNo} cGt/ /xg] u/]sf] 5}g / o;k6s tyf eljiodf klg /xg]5}g .
of] dfcf]jfbL -Pdfn]_ jftf{k|s/0fn] ;aeGbf a9L zfxL kmfl;jfbL tTjx? / ltgsf
eQfjfnfx?nfO{ g} ;aeGbf a9L kf]n]sf]df xfdLnfO{ cfZro{ nfu]sf] 5}g . lgzfgf
7Ls} 7fpFdf nfu]sf] 5 / h;nfO{ kf]Ng' kg]{ xf] To;}nfO{ kf]n]sf] 5 . 'rf]/sf]
v'§f sf6\' eGbf rf]/n] g} klxn] v'§f y't]sf] 5 . /fd|} ePsf] 5 . vfln
clnslt cfZor{ s] dfq} eg] tL :jo+ ljb]zLn] lev lbPsf] aGb's / k};f geP Ps lbg
klg b]zleq l6Sg g;Sg] tTjx?n] k'/fg} d08n] /fi6"jfbL z}nLdf of] jftf{ 'ljb]zL
e"lddf ePsf]df uf]xLsf] cfF;' emf/]sf 5g\ / xfdLnfO{ ef/tLo ;Qfn] ;+/If0f
lbPsf] kmQ'/ nufPsf 5g\ . cem sltkon] t cfgf] j}rfl/s bl/b"tfsf]
gf+uf] kl/ro lb+b} l;lnu'8L / clxn]sf] jftf{kl5 ;Dk"0f{ hgo'¢ g} ef/tLo
;QfkIfn] y]Ub} cfPsf] k'i6L ePsf] bfjL u/]sf 5g\ / xfd|f] kf6L{ g]t[TjnfO{ ef/tLo
;QfkIfn] kqm]/ ;'k'b{uL gu/];Dd slyt dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg gx'g] d"v{tfk"0f{
s'ts{ u/]sf 5g\ . tL ;a} b/jfl/of x08Lsf b'u{Gwk"0f{ 8sf/x?sf] k|ltjfb
ul//xg' kg]{ xfdL s'g} h?/L 7fGb}gf}+ . s's'/ e'Sb} u5{, xfQL n:sb} u5{ . t}klg
Uj]j]lnog z}nLsf] k'/fgf] ;Qf kIfsf] lg/Gt/ b'ik|rf/ cleofgaf6 e|ldt x'g k'u]sf
sltko OdfGbf/ b]zeQm tTjx?nfO{ xfd|f] ljgd| cfu|x s] 5 eg] xfdLn] s'g} j:t'
jf 36gfsf] ;fdfGo jflx/L ?k kIfnfO{ dfq x]/]/ xf]Og To;sf] leqL cGto{ / ;f/
kIf ;lxtsf] ;du|tfnfO{ x]/]/ g} p;sf] d"Nof+sg ug{'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg
;Qfwf/L ;}Go kmfl;jfbL u'6 g} ljb]zL k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx?sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf]
bnfn ePsf] s'/f b/jf/ xTofsf08b]lv otfsf c;+Vo tYox?n] k'i6L ul/;s]sf 5g\ /
Tof] bnfnLsf] k/fsfi7fnfO{ cj c? s'g} g]kfnL /fhg}lts zlQm jf JolQmn] pl5G5
ls eg]/ s'g} ;Rrf b]zeQmn] lrGtf ug]{ 7fpF g} 5}g . s'Voft ;'uf}nL-;GwL otfsf]
zf;sju{sf] lg/Gt/ ljb]zL bnfnL / u2f/Lsf] Oltxf;nfO{ pN6fP/ ;Rrf /fli6"o
:jfwLgtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / cv08tf sfod ug{' g} dfcf]jfbL hgo'¢sf] Pp6f k|d'v
nIo xf] / Tof] Oltxf; lgdf{0f ug]{ Jojxfl/s ;fdYo{ ca dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng / p;sf]
hgd'lQm ;]gf;Fu dfq 5 eg]/ ;a} ;Rrf b]zeQmx?n] /fd|/L a'em\g' cfjZos 5 . hxfF;Dd
ef/tLo e"lddf jftf{ ;DkGg ePsf] s'/f 5, ;j{k|yd t xfd|f] ;d:of / b'ZdgL
ef/tLo e"ld jf hgtf;Fu geP/ ToxfFsf] k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;s ju{;Fu xf] eg]/
;a}n] x]Ssf /fVg h?/L 5 . bf]>f] s'/f, ef/tdf em08} Ps s/f]8 u/La g]kfnLx?
/f]lh/f]6L lglDt cfjthfjt u5{g\ / tL g]kfnLx?nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{' / pgLx?sf] ;+/If0fdf
xfdLn] s;};+u jftf{ ug{' s'g} ck/fw geP/ dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L lhDd]jf/L xf] eGg]
;j}n] Vofn /fVg' kb{5 . t]>f] s'/f, olta]nf b]zsf] *) k|ltzt eGbf a9L e"efudf
sJhf hdfO;s]sf] dfcf]jfbLnfO{ Pp6f jftf{sf] lglDt ljb]zL e"lddf uOxfNg'kg]{
cfgf] tkm{af6 s'g} jfWotf 5}g / clxn] dfcf]jfbL;+u e]6\g / jftf{ ug{ :jb]zL
/ ljb]zL y'k}| /fhg}lts zlQm / JolQmx?sf] 7"nf] nfOg nflu/x]sf] 5 eGg]
klg ;a}n] j'lem/fVbf /fd}| x'g]5 . o;af/] clxn] olQ ..
b]z olta]nf Pp6f uDeL/ /fhg}lts df]8df cfOk'u]sf] 5 . To;}n] b]z / hgtfk|lt
k|ltj¢ / ;+j]bgzLn ;j} nf]stflGqs / b]zeQm zlQmx?n] ;+sL0f{ bnut / u'6ut
:jfy{ eGbf dfly p7]/ gofF cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; lglDt clwstd ;'ema'em / Tofu
k|bzg ug{' kg]{a]nf cfPsf] 5 . vfzu/L ;+;bjfbL / dfcf]jfbL zlQmx? aLrdf Go"gtd
cu|ufdL lgsf;sf] lglDt ;xdlt sfod u/]/ hgcfGbf]ngsf] cfFwLj]x/L l;h{gf ug{'
Oltxf;sf] dfu alg;s]sf] 5 . To;qmddf of] dfcf]jfbL -Pdfn] _jftf{ k|s/0fn] ;sf/fTds
yfngL cjZo u/]sf] 5 . t/ olt dfq k|oTg oy]i7 5}g . ljz]iftM d'Vo ;+;bjfbL zlQmsf]
?kdf /x]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];;Fusf] ;xdlt / ;xsfo{ emg\ a9L cfjZos / dxTjk"0f{
x'g]5 . cj Tof] lbzfdf xfdL ;j}sf] Wofg s]lGb"t x'g h?/L 5 . ;fy} km'6fp
/ /fh u/ sf] ;fdGtL if8\oGqsf/L sfo{z}nLdf kf/+ut b/jfl/of tTjx?sf] cGt/Wj+;sf]
k|oTgnfO{ ljkmn kfg{ klg ;a} nf]stflGqs / b]zeQm zlQmx? rgfvf] /xg h?/L 5 .
dfcf]jfbL, sf+u]|; / Pdfn] nufot ;a} /fhg}lts kf6L{ / zlQmsf g]tfx?n] g]tf (leader)
af6 /fhg]tf (statesman) aGg] sf]lzz ug]{
xf] eg] nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] g]kfnL hgtfsf] nf]stflGqs cfsf+Iff l56} k"/f x'g
s'g} j]/ nfUg]5}g .
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