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clwjQmf d'lQm k|wfg
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ljifo jg]sf] 5 . 5f]6f] ;j}wflgs O{ltxf; jf]s]sf] g]kfn clw/fHodf k6s k6s ;+ljwfgsf]
ljifodf 5nkmn rNg' / Ps kl5 csf]{ ;+ljwfg lj:tfkLt / :yfkLt x'b} cfPsf] nueu
%& jif{sf] O{ltxf;df g]kfn km]/L ;+ljwfgs} ljifodf u'dfp/f] l;wf ?kdf jx;
/ 5nkmnsf] ljjfbdf cNemg' k/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgnfO{ cGt/fli6|\o ?kdf ljljw sf]0fjf6
kl/efifLt u/] klg ;+ljwfg /fHo;Qfsf] ;+/rgf / To;nfO{ ult lbg] Pp6f /fh}g}lts
lgb]{lzsf dfq xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df of] /fHo;Qf ;DjGwL lgb]{zLsf Ps kl5 csf]{
c;kmn jGb} hfg' / Pp6f :yfO{ ;+/rgfnfO{ ljslzt ?kdf lg/Gt/tf ult lbg g;Sg'sf]
k5f8L d'Vo / r'/f] sf/0fx? s] ljBdfg 5 eGg] vf]h / cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo g]kfnsf]
;j}wflgs ljb\ /fhlglts kf6L{ , /fhg]tfx? nufPt of] b]zsf] jf/]df ;/f]sf/ /fVg]
;j} ;Dj4 kIfx?sf] nfuL Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf] ljifo jGg uPsf] 5 . of] uf+7f]nfO{
gkm'sfO{ nfu" / lgdf{0f ul/g] ;j}vfn] ;+ljwfgsf] xfnt ljutsf] eGbf km/s
x'g] l:ylt 5}g . g]kfn clxn] ljljw ;d:ofsf] 3'DtL jf6f]df plePsf] 5 . jt{dfg
g]kfndf of] ;d:of k}bf x'g'df ljleGg sf]0fjf6 ljleGg b[li6sf]0fx? ;fj{hgs e}/x]sf]
5 . c+z , c+zdf lt b[li6sf]0fx?sf] s]xL ?k kIfx? ldNg ;S5g\ t/ ;du|xdf x]bf{
;f/ kIf ljns'n km/s cj:yfsf] 5 , h'g !)$ jif{sf] /f0ff zf;g, @))& ;fn b]vL
@)!& ;fn ;Ddsf] ;+;bLo k|0fLnL ,#) jif]{ k+rfotLsfn / jx'bn k'g/jxfnLsf]
of] !@ jif{nfO{ x]/]/ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg x'G5 egL cfsng ug{ ;lsGb}g
. lt sfn / zf;g Joj:yfx? g]kfnsf] nfO{ jt{dfg cj:yf ;Dd NofO{ k'-ofpg] Pp6f
36gfqmdx? dfq x'g . g]kfnnfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfdf ws]Ng] lt /fhg}lts kl/jt{gx? g]kfn
clw/fHodf ljBdfg ljljwtf / cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;dfwfgsf] kIfdf lyPg . s]jn zf;g ;Qfdf
k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|ljlwx?dfq lyP eGg] jf:tljStf b]z k'gM Pp6f O{ltxf;dfg} Joxfg{
gk/]sf] ;d:ofsf] rk]6fdf kl/ /x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfn] ;j}nfO{ jf]w u/fPsf] 5 .
o; tkm{ Tolt w]/} 5nkmn ug{ h?/L 5}g . ;j}n] tfhf cg'ej ul/ /x]sf] 5g\ . To;}n]
g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfg ug{ g]kfnsf] ;du|x ;d:ofnfO{ x]g{ h?/L
5 h'g g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs ;+/rgfut ljifodf s]Gb|Lt ePsf] 5 . k|Tos j:t'df cGt/lglxt
cfGtl/s kIfg} k|wfg ljifo ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgfs} ljifodf jx; s]Gb|Lt
ug'{ g]kfnsf] lxt rfxg] / g]kfnsf] :jtGqtf / :jflwgtfsf] kIfdf pleg] ;j} kIfsf]
bfO{Tj /xg uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs ;+/rgf s:tf] x'g' k5{ eGg] ljifonfO{
s]Gb|Lt u/]/ 5nkmn ug'{ d'nssf] jt{dfg cfjZotf xf]
s]Gb|Lo /fHo;QmfM:yfkgfsf] k[i7e"dL
jt{dfg g]kfn clw/fHosf] s]Gb|Ls[t :j?ksf] k|f/Eesf] cleofg /fhf k[YjL gf/fo0f
zfxn] yfngL u/] tfkgL Tof] s]Gb|Ls[t /fHo :j?kn] g]kfnsf] e"uf]n / PsLs[t
s]Gb|Lo /fHo ;+/rgf jfxs] c? ljifox?df s]GbLs[t efjgf k}bf ug{ ;s]g . ;fgf ;fgf
/fHox? Pp6} g]kfndf uf+;Lo tfkgL /fHosf] :j?kdf eg] lt ;fgf /fHox?sf] k"j{;fdGtL
k[i7e"dLd} s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qf pleg k'Uof] . /fHosf] rl/q ,:j?k / /fHo / hgtf
ljrsf] cGt/ ;DjGwdf gof+ cjwf/0ffx? :yfkLt x'g ;s]g . ;fgf /fHosf zf;sx? lj:yfkLt
e} s]GbLo ;Qf :yfkgf eP klg lt lj:tflkt /fHosf gful/sx?n] gof+ /fHosf] hgtfsf]
x}l;otn] gof+ 7"nf] /fHosf] gful/ssf] x}l;ot k|fKt ug{ ;s]g . s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qfdf
l;wf 3'df/f] ?kdf ;fdGt k[i7e"dL ePs} zf;sx? , efO{ef/bf/x? tyf jl/kl/
/Dg] JolQmx?sf] lgoGq0fdf s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qf l;dLt /xg uof] . oLg} sf/0fn] b/jf/
eLq x'g] rnv]n if8oGq / ;lQm ljefhgsf lqmofsnfkdf tNnLg zf;s / efO{ef/bf/ cfkm}df
ljefhg e} sf]tkj{ h:tf s"Voft xTof sf08jf6 h+u jxfb'/ /f0ff 4f/f g]kfn
clw/fHonfO{ cfkmgf] lgoGq0fdf lng ;kmn eP . g]kfn Pp6f /fHo geP/ /f0ffx?sf]
ef]uljnf;sf] lqmof:yn jGg k'Uof] . Toltv]/ ef/tdf pklgj]z hdfO{ /x]sf] j]nfotL
/fh;+:yfsf] ;'o{ gpbfpg] ljZj pklgj]zsf zf;sx?;+u zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] nfuL /f0ffx?n]
g]kfnsf] /fh;+:yfnfO{ lj:yfkLt ug{ ;s]gg\ . t/ g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ /fhlso
zlQmdf lj|6L;x?sf] ;+/If0fdf /f0ff zf;sx?n] cfkmgf] xfnLd'nL rnfO{ /fhfx? Pp6f
gd"gfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . hj ef/t !($& cfP/ j]nfotL pklgj]zjf6 :jtGq
eP To; kl5 klg ef/tsf zf;sx?n] g]kfnsf] cw{ pklgj];Ls cj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf sfod
/fVg ;g #! h'nfO{ !(%) df /f0ffx?nfO{ k|of]u ul/ g]kfn ef/t zfGtL / d}qL ;GwL
;DkGg u-of] . ef/t ;/sf/sf] tkm{jf6 g]kfnsf] nfuL ef/tLo /fhb"t rGb|L>/
k|;fb gf/fo0f l;+x / g]kfnsf] tkm{jf6 /f0ff k|wfgdGqL tyf sdf08/ O{glrd df]xg
;D;]/ 4f/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] of] zfGtL / d}qL ;GwLn] /f0ffx? zf;sx?nfO{ lj:yfkLt
x'gjf6 /f]s]g pN6} /fhf lqe"jgn] lbNnL z/0f lng' k-of] . * km]j|'jl/ !(%!
sf] lqkIfLo - /fhf,/f0ff / ef/t _ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg eof} . ^ kmfu'0f @))& df
h+u jxfb'/n] k|fKt u/]sf] nfnk]6Ldf /x]sf] k+hfkq / >L # sf] rf+b gf/fo0flx6Ldf
j'emfPsf] ef]nLkN6 & kmf'u'0f @))& -!* k]mj|j/L !(%!_ /fhf lqe"jgjf6
zfxL 3f]if0ff eof] / pQm zfxL 3f]if0ffjf6 j}wflgs ;efsf] r'gfj ul/ To;n] jgfPsf]
;+ljwfg 4f/f :yfO{ /fhlglts jGbf]j:t ug]{ k|ltj4tf klg ;f] 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] lyof] .
pNn]vLt k[i7e"dLn] g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo /fHo :yfkgf ePsf] nueu !*@ jif{sf]
O{ltxf; b/jf/sf] zlQm s]Gb ljrsf] rnvndf vr{ x'g k'Uof] . /fHodf hgtfsf] /fhlglts
;xefuLtfsf] k|Zg sNkgf ;Dd ug{ ;lsg] cj:yfdf lyPg . /fhlso\ clwsf/ zf;sx?sf]
if8oGq / bfpk]rdf s]Gb|Lt ePsf] @))& ;fn k"j{sf] 36gfqmdn] b]vfPsf]
5 . oLg} k[i7e"dLdf /f0ffx?n] cfkmgf] cfo' nDEofpg @))$ ;fnsf] j}wflgs
sfg"gsf] 3f]if0ff u/] klg Tof] sfg"g g]kfnL hgtfsf] clwsf/ :yfkgfsf]
kIfdf gePsf] / csf]{ tkm{ /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] ltj|tf j9b} uPsf] j]nf To;sf]
s'g} k|efjg} kg{ ;s]g . t/ o; j}wflgs sfg"gsf] k|:tfjgfn] gful/snfO{ /fhg}lts
k|0ffnLdf ;+nUg u/fpg' kg]{ clgjfo{tfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/sf] eg] b]lvG5 . ToxL ljifonfO{
cfTdf;ft ubf{ ub}{ klg /f0ffx?n] cfkmgf] zf;g ;QfnfO{ jrfpg eg] ;s]gg\ . To:sf]
d"Vo sf/0f j}b]lzs zlQmsf] cf8 / cfGtl/s snxg} d'Vo sf/0f lyof] . @))&
;fnsf] 3f]if0ff kl5sf lbgx?df b]zsf] /fhg}lts cj:yf emg ltj| w|'ljs[t x'g uof]
. @))& ;fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfgn] tTsfn ?kdf b]znfO{ lglZrt lbzf lgb]{z
ug{ g;s]s} sf/0fn] * jif{ kl5 dfq g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!% hf/L eof] .
k|yd cfd lgjf{rg ;DkGg e} g]kfnL sfu]|zsf] jx'dtsf] ;/sf/ - s'n !)* l;6 dWo]
g]kfnL s+u|]zn] lht]sf] l;6 &$ s'n dWo] #* k|ltzt_ u7g eof] . t/ pQm ;+ljwfgf]
wf/f %% n] j}wfgLs zf;g k4ltsf] nfuL Pp6f vt/fsf] ;s]t klxn]g} b]vfO{ ;s]sf]
lyof] . @))& ;fn kmfu'0f & ut]sf] 3f]if0ffn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] j}wfgLs
;efsf] lgjf{rgnfO{ o; ;+ljwfgn] klg cfTdf;ft ug{ ;s]g . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf
xfdLdf g} lglxt /x]sf] o; g]kfn clw/fHosf] /fhlso\ ;Qf / cGt/lglxt zfxL ljif]zflwsf/
k|of]u ul/ jS;L xfdL >L % dx]Gb| lj/ ljqmd zfx jf6 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg
gfds of] d"n sfg"g jgfO{ hf/L ul/ jS;]sf 5f} eGg] jfSof;+jf6 /fhfnfO{
;+:yfut ug]{ 3f]if0ff o; ;+ljwfgjf6 u/]sf] lyof] .
g]kfnsf] klxnf] cfd lgjf{rg ePsf] @@ dlxgf kl5g} g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)!%
sf] wf/f %% k|of]u ul/ @)!& ;fn kf}if ! ut] lgb{lno k+rfotLsf] 3f]if0ff;+u}
;+;bLo Joj:yfdf] cGTosf] 3f]if0ff eof] . g]kfnL gful/ssf] /fhg}lts clwsf/x?
k|ltjGwLt eof] . nueu #) jif{ ;Dd g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] s7f]/ ;+3if{ ul/
@)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxf;Ls hgcfGbf]ngsf] pknJwL :j?k k|fKt g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg
@)$& cGt/u{t !) jif{sf] cjlwdf # j6f cfd lgjf{rg / @ j6f :yflgo lgsfosf]
lgjf{rg ;DkGg eP klg ljut 8]8 jif{ b]vL ;j}wflgs ult/f]w pTkGg e} b]zn] ;lx
/fhg}lts lgsf; k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs cj:yf cToGt} cGof]ndf
/x]sf] 5 . b]zn] s:tf] /fhg}lts tyf ;j}wflgs lgsf;nfO{ cfTdf;ft ul/ o;sf] ;lx
lgisz{ lgSng g;s]sf] cj:yfdf jt{dfg s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qfdf cfwfl/t ;j}wflgs ;+/rgfs}
ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn rnfpg' kg]{ cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut ;j}wflgs
;+/rgfn] cGt/fli6|\o k|lt:kbf{ / b]zsf] cfGtl/s ljljwvfn] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ wfGg
;Sg] l:ylt 5}g . o;nfO{ gof+ ;f]r / g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cfjZotfsf] cfwf/df 5nkmn
ug{ h?/L 5 . oyfl:yltdf jt{dfg ;d:ofsf] lgsf; vf]Hg' eg]sf] cGwfx?n] xflQ 5fd]
h:t} x'g hfG5 . To;}n] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf] jf/]df Jofks 5nkmn
ub}{ k'g/;+/rgfsf] dfWodjf6 cfTdlge{/ g]kfnL hgtf / :jflwg g]kfnL /fi6|\nfO{
;+:yfut ug{ o:df Jofks 5nkmn rnfpg cToGt} h?/L ljifo jg]sf] 5, o;nfO{ l9nfO{
ug'{ x'b}g .
cy{/fhlgltsf] sf]0fjf6 s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qmfsf] k|Zg
g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qfsf] :yfkgfsfn b]vLg} b]zsf] d'Vo pTkfbgsf] >f]t ;fdGtL
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t lyof] . ;fdGtL ;+/rgfdf plePsf] s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qfn] o:nfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f
ul/ k"lhjfbL :j?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ tkm{ s'g} gof+ ;f]r Nofpg ;s]sf] b]lvGb}g
. /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] d"Vo l;bfGt g} pTkfbg / ljlgdo ;Grfngsf] lgodx?nfO{
kQf nufpg] cWoog ePsfn] g]kfnsf] d'n pTkfbg / To:sf] ljt/0f ;DjGwL lgodx?n]
g} /fHosf] cfly{s kIfnfO{ klxrfg ug{ ;lsG5 . /fHonfO{ ;+:yfut / ljlw ;Ddt rn]sf]
5 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg To; b]zsf] cfly{s lhjg k4ltn] jf]w u/fpg] x'G5 . g]kfnsf]
s[lif / Jofkf/df cfwfl/t g]kfnsf] cfly{sIf]q z'? b]vLg} zf;sx? tyf efO{ef/bf/sf]
lgoGq0fdf /xb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cy{/fhlgltdf s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qfsf] :yfkgfsfn
b]vLg} lgZrLt ju{x?sf] cfkmgf] :jfy{ / lxtdf k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
cfly{s l:yltn] k"lhs[t ?kdf ljs;Lt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;/sf/n] klg /fHon]
;+:yfut ?kdf cfly{s ljsf; ug{ g;ls zf;sx? tyf ltgsf efO{ ef/bf/x?sf] sf] k"lhsf]
nufgL / pTkfbgsf] /Iff ug]{ k[i7e"dL jf]s]sf] g]kfnsf] cyL{skIfn] ;+:yfut
?kdf hg:t/ ;Dd ljsf; ug{ ;s]g . pTkfbgsf] d'Vo >f]t slifdf cfwfl/t e"dL
k|0ffnLsf] plrt k|jGw ug{ g;Sg' / hldgsf] pTkfbgsf] lx:;fdf >d gug]{x?sf]
Psflwsf/ x'g' / gof+ j}sNkLs pTkfbg k"lhs[t >f]tsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg'n]
g]kfnLx?sf] cfly{s lhjg , s'g} klg /fhg}lts kl/jt{gn] k|efj kfg{ ;s]g . lbg
k|ltlbg v:sb} uPsf] cfly{s k|0ffnLdf g]kfnL cNemg jfWo ePsf] 5g\ . ljZjs} ;dfh
ljsf;sf] r/0fx? cfkmg} 9+8ujf6 u'lh|b} / l3;|b} cuf9L j9L /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
jt{dfg cfly{s kIf ;fdGtjfbsf] ue{jf6 k|ikm'6g x'g g;s]sf] k"lhjfb xf] .
To;}n] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cy{ Joj:yfn] lgltut ?kdf k"lhjfbsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{
vf]h]sf] 5 eg] j:t'ut ?kdf ;fdGtjfbs} k|ltlglwTj u/] klg g]kfnsf] cy{tGq g]kfnL
;fdGtx?sf] cf8 / k|of]udf ljb]zLx?n] rnfPsf] cfly{s x}sdnfO{ bnfnk"lhjfbdf
?kfGt/ e} emg emg hl6n cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 . clxn] g]kfnsf] /fli6|\o k"lh+kltx?
;d]t ljb]z bnfn k"lhkltx?sf] x}sd / lgltdf lgoGqLt x'g jfWo ePsf 5g\ .
To;}n] x]bf{ g]kfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf jflx/jf6 cw{;fdGtL rl/qsf] eP klg cfGtl/s
?kdf bnfn k"lhkltx?sf] lgoGqdf u} ;s]sf] 5 . o:sf] d'Vo df/ /fli6|\o k"lhkltx?nfO{
k/]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfnsf] h'g /fli6|\o k"lhkltx?sf] rl/q b]zeQm :j?ksf] 5
, pgLx? lbg k|ltlbg v:sbf] cj:yfdf 5 eg] hf] bnfn k"lhkltsf] k|lglwTj u/]/
sfd u/]sf] 5 pgLx?nfO{ tTsfn km/s k/]sf] 5}g . t/ cGtdf pgLx? klg ljb]zL bnfn
k"lhkltx?s} z/0fdf kg{' kg]{ / pgLx?sf] bf;TjnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ cfkmgf] :jfledfgnfO{
u'dfpg' kg]{ lglZrt 5 . clxn]sf] jt{dfg cfly{s cj:yfdf ljBdfg ePsf] g]kfnsf]
of] cfly{s kIfnfO{ cfwf/ jgfP/ g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs k'g/;+/rgfsf] jf/]df ljZn]zg
ug{ w]/} hl6n cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfly{s kIfsf] r/0fnfO{ x]bf{ lnlR5lj
sfn b]vL k|f/Ee ePsf] ;fdGtL cy{ Joj:yf ;+:yfut ?kdf /fhf k[YjL gf/fo0fn] u7g
u/]sf] s]Gb|Lo /fHosf] cjwf/0ff;+u} @))& ;fn ;Dd sfod /x]sf] b]lvG5 . tTkZoft
j}wfgLs ?kdf zf;g Joj:yf z'? ePsf] 3f]if0ffjf6 g]kfndf hgk|ltlglw d'ns zf;g
Joj:yfsf] yfngL eP klg @))& b]lv @!)!^ ;fn ;Dd g]kfnL s+u];sf] ;/sf/n] ljtf{
pGd"ng P]g @)!^ hf/L ul/ ljgf lt/f] cf]u6]sf hldgx?nfO{ ;/sf/L clen]vdf
/fVg] k|of]hgsf] nfuL ljtf{ hUuf pGd"ng ul/ hldgsf] ;d'lrt k|jGw ul/ hldg
hf]Tg]n] ;d]t ;d]t hUuf cfkmgf] gfdd btf{ ul/ lng kfpg] k|of;x? u/] klg To;n]
;fy{s kl/0ffd tkm{ cuf8L j9fpg ;s]g . @)!& ;fnsf] kl/jt{g;+u} pbfPsf] e"dL
;DjGwL P]g @)@! n] jf:tljs lszfgnfO{ $ v08sf] ! v08 hf]tfxf jfkt kfpg] Ifltk"lt{nfO{
g} hUuf hf]Tg] df]xLx?sf] x}l;ot lgwf{/0f u/] klg hldgdf hf]Tg] dfxLsf] :jfldTj
;DjGwL ;DjGwnfO{ lemgf] ?kdf :yfkLt ul/ lbPsf] sf/0fn] df]xLnfO{ hUufwgL grfx]sf]
j]nfdf h'g;'s} xts08f k|of]u ul/ kmfNg ;sg] Joj:yf cfem]ndf k/]sf] lyof] . k+rfotsfndf
s]xL em6\6 x]bf{ pknJwLk"0f{ ;'wf/x? h:tf] b]lvg] cfly{s ;'wf/sf kIfx?n]
k+rfotnfO{ #) jif{ ;Dd l6Sg t ;kmn eof] . t/ Tof] cfly{s kIfsf] cfGtl/s cj:yf
eg] cToGt} lemg{ / hh/ cj:yfsf] lyof] . /fHon] gful/ssf] cly{s kIfnfO{ sltklg
6]jf k'-ofpg ;s]sf] lyPg . t/ To;sf] ljsNkdf cfPsf] jx'bnLo Joj:yfn] g]kfnsf]
cfly{s kIfnfO{ emg w/f;oL jgfof] . oxf+ lgZrLt ju{sf] xftdf l;ldt /x]sf] cy{tGqnfO{
?kfGt/0f ul/ cfd hgtfsf] b}lgs lhjgnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug'{
kg]{df k+rfotnfO{ g} dfy u/]/ gkfpg]n] kfof] /ftL p7L vfof] eg] em} ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf]
u'0fx?nfO{ :yfkLt ug'{ kg]{df cju'0fx?nfO{ :yfkLt ug]{ ynf] jgfpb} dfdfsf] wg
kmk'sf] >fbsf] cj:yfdf k'/fpg] k|lt:kbf{df oxf+sf /fhlglts kf6L{x? cuf8L
j9] h:n] ubf{ ;'Ts]/L vr{ b]vL kf]h]/f] ;Ddsf] cfyL{s lxgfldgf ug]{ k|ltlglwsf]
?kdf ;+f;bx?nfO{ hGtfn] j'em] ;fj{ef}d elgPsf g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf
xf]O{g . jx'bnLo zf;g k|0ffnLdf k"lhjfbL cy{tGqsf] lgltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{
g]kfnsf] cw{ ;fdGtjfbL rl/qsf] cGTo x'g' kg]{ d'Vo r'/f] s'/fnfO{ ljl;{P/ v'nfcy{
tGq / jhf/d'vL cy{ tGqsf] /fu cnfk]/ ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ h'g lbzf lbg
vf]h]sf] lyof] , Tof] jf:tjdf xflQsf] b]vfpg] bf+t dfq lyof] eGg] jf:tljStf
zfxL g]kfnL jfo';]jf lgudsf] hxfh ;DjGwL ljjfbn] pbf8=u jgfof] . h:df r]h P]o/
/ nfp8fsf] 36gfsf] kf]nfkf]n n] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq s;/L w/f;oL jGb} uPsf] 5 eGg]
b]v'jf k|df0f of] g} k|ofKt 5 . k[i7efusf] 3f]6fnfx?x slt xf]nfg . /fHozlQmsf]
b'?kof]u ub}{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ Ift\ ljIft kfg{ ;Sg] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;nfO{
;+:yfut ug{ s:tf] cy{ k|0ffnLsf] k|f/Ee ug]{ of] Pp6f u+le/ k|Zg jg]/ g]kfnsf]
cuf8L plePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;dfwfg gug]{ xf] eg] g]kfndf cem} w]/} k6s /fhg}lts
kl/jt{g t x'G5 . t/ ;'Ts]/L vr{sf] ;66\f ;f+;bx?n] cs]{ lan k]z unf{g lzif{s
/ ;f+;bsf] gfd km/s xf]nf . t/ k|j[lt pxL /xg] 5 . o;}n] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq ;d:ofsf]
d'Vo r'/f] ljifo jGg uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs k'g/;+/rgfdf g]kfnsf] cy{ /fhlgltsf]
jf/]df u+le/ ?kdf ;f]Rg h?/L ePsf] 5 . cy{ /fhlgltsf] sf]0faf6 g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo
/fHo;Qf k+rfotsfndf / jx'bnsf] !@ jif{df cfly{s b"?kof]usf] s]Gb|ljGb'jf6
d'Qm x'g ;s]g. g]kfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf / s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qf ljrsf] b"/L lbg
k|ltlbg 6f9Lb} uPsf] 5 . o:sf] lgsf; ;dod} vf]Hg h?/L 5 .
jx' /fli6|o -hflto\ _ ljlzi7tf ljBdfg g]kfndf
Psn /fhsLo;Qfsf] cjwf/0ff
g]kfn Pp6f ljZjs} lj;dtf ljBdfg b]z xf] . oxf+sf] df};d,e"uf]n,xfjfkfgL
/ hglhjgnfO{ cfwf/ lnP/ g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfnfO{ cfsng ug]{ xf] eg] ljZjs} w]/}
b]zsf] efu ;+u s'g} g s'g} ?kn] ldNbf] h'Nbf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnn] cfTdf;ft ug{
g;s]sf] ljifo eg]sf] Pp6} xf] . Tof] g]kfn Pp6f e"-kl/e]i7Lt b]z xf] .
g]kfnsf glbgfnf,h+un,k|fs[lts b[io tyf k|fs[lts >f]tn] wgL b]z xf] . ljZjsf
cGo b]zdf cefj ePsf] k|fs[lts j:t'x? g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . t/ klg of] b]z
lbg k|ltlbg s+ufn jGb} of] b]zsf] cl:tTjdfg} k|Zg lrGxx? p7L /x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf
dft[e"dL k|lt k|ltj4 g]kfnLsf] nfuL lgb|f gnfUg] ljifo e} ;s]sf] 5 , g]kfnsf]
l:ylt . s'g} lbg ljxfg p7bf of] b]z c? s'g} b]zsf] k|fGt jf ;+/IfLt /fi6|\ 3f]if0ff
ePsf] olb ;'Gg' k-of] eg] xfdL b]z eQm g]kfnLsf] xfnt s] xf]nf < Tof] a]nf
s] ug]{ egL ;f]Rg' eGbf jt{dfg cj:yfdfg} s] ug]{ eGg] ;f]r /fVg' /fd|f] xf]nf
. g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tf / g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs ;+/rgf cfk;df d]n vfPsf] 5}g . /f0ffx?sf]
cGTo b]vL lnP/ @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] r/0f ;Dd cfO{ k'Ubf ;Dd klg g]kfnsf]
ljlzi7tf k|lt g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] rf;f] gb]vfO{ s]jn /fhlglt / gful/s
clwsf/sf] vf]qmf] efif0f / gf/f clVof/ u/]/ ;txL /fhlglt ug]{ g]kfnsf] ;+;bjfbL
/fhlglts kf6L{x?sf] xljut klg of] jx'bnsf] !@ jif{df /fd|/L b]vLof] / emg b]lvb}
uPsf] 5 . jxf+x?df Tofu tk:yf / of]ubfg k|ofKt 5 . t/ ljifoj:t'sf] cWoog / cGt/lj/f]wsf]
klxrfg / b'/blz{tfsf] sld eg] k|ofKt b]lvof] . /fhlglt k]zf xf] jf Tofusf] ;fwgf
xf] eGg] gj'lem /fhlglt ug]{x?sf] eL8tGqn] g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfsf] cWoog ug'{ eg]sf]
w]/} 6f9fsf] ljifo xf] . g]kfn jx'hflt , jx' wfld{s / jx' efifLs jx' ;f:slt
/ snfn] el/k"0f{ b]z xf] . ;dfh ljsf;sf] r/0fn] of] ;j]bgl;n kIfnfO{ slxNo}
kl/Tofu ug{ ;Qm}g . dflg;sf] klxrfg eg]sf] s'g} klg hfltsf] ;b:osf] klxrfg xf]
. To;df cGt/lglxt efjgf g} jf:tjdf dfgj ;Eotfsf] O{ltxf;n] b]vfPsf] dfu xf]
. ;dfh >[i6L b]vLg} ju{ ljefhgsf] h'g /]vf sf]l/of] , To;jf6} hftLsf] lje]b,cfly{s
lje]b ;:s[ltsf] lje]b pTkGg eof] . ltg} lje]b / pTkL8gsf] sf/0fn] cfh ljZjdf
ljBdfg cGt/lj/f]wx? >[hgf ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df hflt,efiff,wd{ / ;f:s[lts
?kdf g]kfn cnu cnu klxrfg / ljlzi7tf 5 , t/ /fHo zlQmsf] cf8df s'g} Ps wd{ /
efiff / ;:s[ltnfO{ dfq 6]jf lbP/ c?nfO{ lje]b ug'{ eg]sf] juL{o pTkL8gs} Pp6f
pbfx/0f xf] . g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs ljsf;sf] %^ jif{sf] O{ltxf;df h'g % j6f ;+ljwfgx?
lgdf{0f eof] , lt ;+ljwfgx?n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] Plss[t efjgfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug{
;s]g . kl5Nnf] ;+ljwfg cyf{t g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] g]kfn clw/fHonfO{
jx'hflto\ / jx'efifLs b]znfO{ :jLsf/ u-of] , s]jn ;+ljwfgsf] cIf/df dfq 3f]ifLt
ul/of] , t/ Tof] oyfy{tfnfO{ sfo{fGjog kIfdf k"0f{t c:jLsf/ dfq u/]g hft,wd{,efiff
/ ;f:s[lts kIfdf :ki6 ?kdf @& j6f lje]bx? k|i6 ?kdf b]lvg] ul/ e]befj ul/Psf]
5 . h:n] ubf{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lgxLt /x]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] 3f]if0ff cfkm}df
xf:o:kb jGg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfndf hltklg /fhg}lts kl/jt{g eP lt kl/jt{gx?n] g]kfnsf]
cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf s'g} k|efj kfg{ ;s]g s]jn ;Qf ;+rfnsx?sf] :j?kdf kl/jt{g eof]
. To;n] s]Gb|Lo /fHo;Qf :yfkgf b]vL xfn;Dd ljljw ?kdf pTkL8gdf k/]sf] g]kfnL
gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t xs clwsf/sf] slxNo} k|ltlgTj ug{ ;s]g . olb ;fj{ef}d
;Qf hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf] eP , hftL ,efiff,wd{ / ;f:s[lts klxrfgsf] cfwf/df lje]b
x'g' kg]{ l:ylt lyPg . g]kfnsf] ljljw hflt,efiff,wd{ / ;f:s[lts klxrfgsf] ;+/rgfdf
plePsf] /fHo Joj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf x'g' kg]{ lyof] . g]kfn clw/fHodf jg]sf] ;+ljwfgx?n]
g]kfnsf] of] w/ftndf pleP/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] x'g' kb{Yof] .
ljutsf] cGo ;+ljwfgsf] t'ngfdf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& s]xL k|ultlzn
rl/q jf]s]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] ?kdf b]vf k/]sf] lglZrt xf] . t/ of] ;+ljwfg nfu"
ePsf] !@ jif{sf] cjlwdf g]kfnn] h'g ultdf kl/jt{gx? Nofpg' kg]{ lyof] . Tof]
kl/jt{gx? Nofpg g;Sg'df , ;+ljwfgn] u|x0f u/]sf] ;+/rgfTds q'6Lg} j9L lhDj]jf/
5 . o; ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] h'g ljifox?nfO{ cf}NofPsf] 5 , lt ljifox?n] k+rfotL
;+/rgf eGbf km/s ;+/rgf ;+:yfut ug{ ;s]g . /fhg}lts bnx?sf] :jtGqtf s]jn r'gfjdf
efu lng] Pp6f dGrsf] ?kdf dfq b]vf k-of] . hgtf ;fjef}d 5 eGg] cg'e"lt
st}jf6 b]vf kg{ ;s]g . g]kfnL hgtf ;fj{ef}d 5 , eGg] ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf % jif{df
Ps k6s ef]6 v;fNg] :jtGqtfnfO{ k+rfotL ef]6 v;fNg] :jtGqtf eGbf cnu 9+un] j'emg'
cfkm}df lj8Djgf jGg hfG5 . lgb{nLo k+rfotL Joj:yfdf JolQm ljif]nfO{ ef]6 v;fNg]
k|s[of x'GYof] eg] g]kfnL jx'bnLo Joj:yfdf kf6L{n] clVtof/ u/]sf] pd]bjf/nfO{
ef]6 v;fNg] / lhtfP/ ;+;bdf k7fpg] sfddf dfq l;ldt /Xof] . ;+;bdf uP/ g]kfn
clZdftf jrfpg] eGbf cfkm'nfO{ j:t'ut ?kdf yfx} gePsf] k|fs[lt ;fwg >f]tsf]
jf+8kmf+8df kf6L{sf] g]tfsf] xf+ df xf+ ldnfP/ g]kfnsf] k|fs[lt >f]tnfO{
qmdzM l5d]sL d'n's ef/tnfO{ c;dfg ?kdf lhDdf nufpg] / /fli6|\o ;efjf6 gful/Qf
ljw]os kms]{/ cfP kl5 dfq k|ltlglw ;efjf6 gful/Qf ljw]os klf/t e} /fli6|\o ;efdf
k'uL k'gM kms]{sf] yfxf kfpg] xfdLx?sf] hgk|ltlglwx?sf] cj:yf b]Vbf g]kfndf
k'g/:yfkLt ePsf] jx'bnn] ;flRrs} g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxt ug{ ;S5 t < eGg] k|Zg
t]l;{Psf] 5 . g]kfn h:tf] c;dfg r]tgf / ljsf;sf] ult ljBdfg b]zdf Psn /fhg}lts
;+/rgfdf k|lt:kbf{ ug'{ kg]{ h'g jfWotf yf]kg]{ jt{dfg ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf Pp6f
;txL / g]kfnsf] jf:tljs oyfy{tf eGbf w]/} km/s 5 . g]kfnL /fHo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfsf]
oyfy{tfdf plePsf] eP oxf+sf] ;j} hft hflt efiff efifL / wdf{nDjLx?sf] ;femf
ynf]sf] ?kdf ljsf; x'g' kg]{ lyof] . /fHo;Qfdf pgLx?sf] efjgfsf] sb/ ;Ddfg ug]{
tyf lglt lgdf{0fdf ;dfg ;xefuLtf u/fpg] ;+oGqsf] th'{df x'g' kg]{ lyof] t/ g]kfnsf
hltklg ;+ljwfgx? jg] lt ;+ljwfgx?n] oxf+sf pTkL8Lt / zf]ifLt hgtfsf k|ltlgTj
slxNo} ug{ ;s]g . jx' ljljwtf b]zdf Pp6f ju{,Pp6f hflt / Pp6f dfq wd{ / ;:s[ltsf]
jfx'Notf /fHo ;Qfdf lglxt /xg uPsf] sf/0fn] nueu ;j} ;+ljwfgx?n] g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfnfO{
k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;s]g . ;j} ;+ljwfgx?n] g]kfnsf] Psn ju{,Psn hft / Psn wd{sf]
dfq k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] sf/0fn] /fHo;Qfsf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] ju{x?nfO{ jfx]s c?nfO{
lt ;+ljwfgx?n] b]zdf ;+ljwfg 5 eGg] cg'e"lt g} k|bfg ug{ ;s]g . b]zsf]
;j} ljifosf] l5gf]kmfgf] / lglt lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+oGq s]Gb|df l;ldt x'g] k|0ffnL
/ ;Qfdf kx'r k'Ug]x?n] cfkmgf] :jfy{df dfq /fHo;Qf k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] s]Gb|Lo Pj+
Psn /fhlso;Qf ePsf] sf/0fn] oxf+sf /fhlglt1 tyf /fhlglts kf6L{x? ;d]t To;}df
v'DrLg k'u]sf] xf] . ;du|x g]kfnsf] ljsf; tyf g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO{ /fHo;Qfdf
;xefuL gu/fO{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;j}wflgs ult/f]wjf6 pGd'Qm x'g g;Sg] lgZrLt k|fo
5 . To;}n] Psn /fhlso ;Qfsf] cjwf/0ff g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfdf pko'Qm k|0ffnL xf]O{g
. o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfsf] cfwf/df ?kdfGtl/t ug{ h?/L 5 .
;j}wflgs k'g/;+/rgfsf] ;jfn / /fhg}lts kf6L{x?sf] e"dLsf
/f0ff zf;g lj/f]wL ljleGg ;+3;+:yfsf] :yfkgfjf6 g]kfndf /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngsf]
z'? jft eP klg @))& ;fndf /f0ffx?sf] ktg kl5 g} g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kf6L{x?sf]
cfwLsf/Ls / j}wfgLstf k|fKt ePsf] xf] . @)!% ;fnsf] lgjf{rgdf hDdf ( j6f kf6L{x?n]
;+;bLo lgjf{rgdf efu lnPsf] lyof] . hDdf !)( lgjf{rgIf]q dWo] g]kfnL s+u|]z
!)*- lht]sf] &$ _ uf]/vf kl/ifb @),- lht]sf] !(_ ;+o'Qm k|hftfGqLs kf6L{
*^ - lht]sf] %_ g]kfn sDo"lgi6 kf6L{ $& - lht]sf] $_ k|hfkl/ifb cfrfo{u'6
$^ - lht]sf] @_ k|hfkl/ifb ld>u'6 #^ - lht]sf] #^_ , t/fO{ s+u|]z @! g]kfnL
/fli6|\o s+u|]z @) k|hftfGqLs dxf;ef ^*, :jtGq @^* - lht]sf] $_ pd]bjf/x? rog
ul/ lgjf{rLt ePsf lyP . @)!& ;fn b]vL @)$^ ;fn ;Dd g]kfndf v'Nnf /fhg}lts
ultljlw geP klg g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] cleofg olx cjlwdf ePsf] b]lvG5 .
hj @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ /fhlso\ ;Qfsf] pT;u{df k7fof] ,
t/ hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgfnfO{ sb/ / ;Ddfg ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ d'n /fhg}lts kf6L{x?
/ g]tfx?n] ug{ ;s]gg\ . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] lgb]{lzt u/]sf] jx'bnLo k|hftGq
, :jtGq GofokfnLsf , dfgjclwsf/ v'DrLP/ h'g /fhlglts kf6L{ ;+;bdf jlnof] ks8sf
;fy k|ltlglwTj u-of] ;f]xL kf6L{n] g]kfndf Psflwsf/ hdfPsf] of] !@ jif{sf] cjlwsf]
jf/]df yk rrf{ ug{ kb}{g . g]kfnL s+u|]z kf6L{n] cfTdf;ft u/]sf] g]kfnL s+u|]zsf
g]tf lj=lk=sf]O{/fnfsf] k|hftfGqLs ;dfhjfb / g]kfn sDo"lgi6 kf6L{sf k|efjzfnL
g]tf dbg e08f/Lsf] jx'bnLo hgjfbsf] cjwf/0ff ;Dd klg 5nkmnsf] ljifo ;Dd jg]g
. /fhg}lts kf6L{ / To;sf] k|ltlglwx?n] g]kfnsf] ;du|x ljsf;sf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{
cGtt g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kf6L{ cfkm} lbg k|ltlbg csd{0otfsf] lzsf/ x'g' kg]{ cj:yf
;Dd k'u] of] !@ jif{df . k|ltjGwLt /fhg}lts kf6L{x? v'Nnf eP/ ;+;b / ;/sf/df
k'u]/ hgtsf] kIfdf s] cfdlglt to u/]t s]xL pbf/x0f lbg ;lsG5 t < ;+;bdf ljZjf;
ug]{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x?sf] cGtLd nIf eg]sf] k"lhjfbL zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ lgltut
?kdf :jLsf/ ug'{ g} xf] . /fhg}lts kf6L{ eg]sf] ljrf/sf] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQm
xf] . Tof] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQmn] ;+u7g / /fhlgltsf] cfwf/df cfkmgf] uGtJonfO{
lglb{i6 ub{5 . t/ g]kfnsf] ;+;bdf k|ltlglwtj ug]{ /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] g]kfnsf]
ljlzi7tfnfO{ cfTdf;ft u/]/ ljrf/sf] s]Gb|s[t z+n];gsf] cfwf/df ljs]Gb|s[t cleJolQmsf]
k|bfg ul/ hgtfnfO{ r]tgl;n jgfpg ;s]g . g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] ;du|x g]kfnsf]
ljlzi7tfnfO{ cfkmgf] kf6L{sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo jgfpg grfxg' of] 7"nf] lj8Djgf
ePsf] 5 . /fhg}lts ljrf/sf] cfwf/df cfkmgf] / c?sf] 5'6\ofpg' Tof] ;}bfGtLs
/ j}rfl/s k|Zg xf] . t/ zf;g ;Qfsf] jfu8f]/df j;] kl5 Tof] h'g;'s} /fhg}lts
k[i7e"dLsf] eP klg pgLx?n] /fhg}lts ljrf/,kf6L{sf] k[i7e"dLsf] cfwf/df
/fHo>f]tsf] ljt/0f / /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ ljif]ztM g]kfnsf] 7"nf
/fhlglts kf6L{x?sf] hglglt / cfd lglt ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffdf vf]6 ePsf] sf/0fn] of]
cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] xf] . o:n] g]kfnsf] ;du|x ljsf;sf] dfu{df cj/f]w k'-ofPsf]
5 . gful/sn] sfd / e"dLsfsf] cfwf/df kf6L{nfO{ ;Qf x:tfGt/0f ug]{ jx'bnLo
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;Qfsf] cfo' nDJofpg] lqmofsnfkjf6 dfq cfkmgf] /fhlglt clVtof/ ug{
vf]h]sf] sf/0fn] g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts kf6Lx? k|lt hgljZjf; sdhf]/ x'b} uPsf] xf]
. obL cem} x]Ssf g/fVg] xf] eg] j}rfl/s b[8tf ljgf kf6L{ cl:tTjdf /xg ;Qm}g
. lj36g lglZrt 5 . o;jf6 g]kfnsf] k|hftfGqLs cfGbf]ngdf 7]; nfUg] 5 . o; k|lt
/fhg}lts kf6L{ ;r]t / cdm} ;Rofpg ;Sg] dfu{nfO{ cfTdf;ft ug{ h?/L 5 .
g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngsf] v'8lsnf /f0ff lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngjf6 k|f/Ee eP klg
/f0ffx?sf] k"0f{ ;fdGtjfbL rl/qnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngn] 6'8+Uofpg
;s]g . /f0ffx?n] dhj'b ?kdf 7-ofO{ /fv]sf] g]kfnsf] ;fdGtjfbL Joj:yf / s]Gb|Lo
/fHo;Qf ljrsf] nug uf+7f]nfO{ km'sfpg #) jif]{ k+rfot lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng klg ;kmn
x'g ;s]g . @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{g klg ;Demf}tfdf 6'8=uLof] . /fhg}lts
Joj:yf jx'bn eP klg Tof] Joj:yf cw{ ;fdGtL / cw{cf}klgj]zLs cj:yfdf uh|LPsf]
g]kfnsf] j:t'ut rl/qdf s'g} kl/jt{g x'g ;s]g . ToxL w/ftndf jx'bnnfO{ pEofpg
t vf]hLof] t/ ;+:yfut ug{ ;s]gg\ . jx'bnLo Joj:yf eg]sf] ;:yfut ?kd} k"lhjfbL
Joj:yf xf] . t/ Joj:yfsf] gfd jx'bn t/ To;sf] :j?k cw{;fdGtL / cw{ cf}klgj]zLs
cj:yfdf u'h|LPsf] ;+/rgf ePsf]n] jx'bnLo Joj:yfsf] pRr k|flwsf/k"0f{ lgsfo
;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtfsf] cjwf/0ff ;d]t g]kfndf c;kmn ;fljt eof] . jx'bnLo Joj:yfdf
;+;bnfO{ cGtLd / pRr lgsfosf] ?kdf ;+:yfut ug{nfO{ gful/ssf] /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s
clwsf/nfO{ cIf'00f /fVg] x}l;ot ;+;bdf cGt/lglxt x'g' kb{Yof] . t/ g]kfnsf]
;+;b of] !@ jif{sf] cjlwdf Pp6f o:tf] ynf] jGof] h'g ynf] jx'bnLo Joj:yfsf]
pRr /fhg}lts cEof;sf] lgsfo klg jGg ;s]g, pN6} g]kfnsf] O{ltxf;df /fli6|\o clZdtfnfO{
u+le/ cf3ft kfg]{ dxfsfnL / 6gsk'/ ;GwLx?df ;lx5fk ug]{ d'sfd jGg k'Uof] .
&) k|ltzt eGbf j9L ;+Vofdf pk:yLlt /x]sf] g]kfnsf] o'uf}b]vL pTkL8gdf k/]sf
cfbLjf;L . hghfltx?sf] b'Mv si6 / pTkL8g lt kf6L{x?sf] ;d:of geP/ Tof] hghfltx?sf]
;d:of xf] . eGg] dx;'; u5{g . j}rfl/s ?kdf sDo"lgi6 ljrf/wf/fsf] jsfnt
ug]{ lt /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] ;d]t g]kfnsf] hflto\ cfGbf]ngsf] ;d]t uxg cWoog ug{
;s]sf] 5}gg . g]kfnsf] hflto\ ;d:ofnfO{ c? b]zsf] cNk;+Vos cyf{t bnLtx?sf] ;jfn;+u
hf]8]/ x]g]{ u/]sf] 5 . of] cjwf/0ff g]kfnsf] /fhlglts kf6L{x? / To:sf] g]tfx?sf]
j'em]/ klg j'em krfPsf] l;jfo\ s]xL xf]O{g . g]kfnsf] hflto\ cj:yf / c? b]zsf]
cj:yf cToGt} leGg 5 . g]kfndf hghfltx?sf] jfx'Notf 5 . o:nfO{ ;j}wflgs ?kd}
/fHodf plrt k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] ljifodf lgltut / ;}bfGtLs kIfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{
xf] eg] , g]kfnsf cfbLjf;L hghfltx? cj of] b]zdf cfkmgf] 5'66\} cl:tTj / klxrfg
b]vfpg' kg]{ cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] 5 , s'g} kf6L{ ljif]zsf] emf]nf jf]s]/ kl5
nfUg'sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g . r]tgf,Ifdtf / ;}bfGtLs ?kdf jx;df plqg g]kfnsf] cfbLjf;L
hghfltx?sf] cj:yfnfO{ sd cfsng ug'{ x'b}g .
g]kfnsf /fhg}lts kf6L{x? hghfltx?sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;jfndf olt ;j]bgl;n 5}ggsL
Pp6}dfq pbfx/0f k|ofKt 5 . sf7df08f} dxfgu/kfnLsf,hgsk'/ / /fhlj/fh gu/kfnLsfn]
qmdzM g]kfn efiff / d}ynL efiffnfO{ klg sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{
lg0f{o lj?4df ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf s]xL j|fDxgjfbL lrGtg ePsf JolQmx?n] k|:t't u/]sf]
l/6sf] sf/jfxLsf] qmddf Tof] ;d:of hghflt / efiff efifLx?sf] xf] /fhg}lts kf6L{sf]
;jfn xf]O{g egL To;sf] ;DjGwdf /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] ;xfg'e"lt ;Dd hfx]/ u/]gg
. g]kfnsf] efiff,hflt,klxrfg , snf / k/Dk/f k|lt oxf+sf] /fhg}lts kf6L{x? hfgL
j'lem ;j]bgl;n 5}gg . clwsf/sf] >f]t hgtf xf] eGg] jf:tljstfnfO{ pgLx? :jLsf/
ug{ rfxGb}gg . cfkmgf] kf6L{sf] jr{Zj / Psflwsf/nfO{ /fhlglt 7fGg] k|j[ltsf]
xfnLd'nL ePsf] /fhg}lts kf6L{x?df ;fdGtL cjz]ifn] h/f uf8]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] hflto\
cfGbf]ng / g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfsf] ljifodf /fhg}lts kf6L{x? cem} ?kfGt/0f x'g ;s]g
eg] g]kfnsf] hflto\ cfGbf]ngn] o:tf cqmd0o / ;ls0f{ /fhg}lts kf6L{sf] kl5 nfUg'sf]
s'g} cy{ 5}g eGg] lgisz{x?nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g .
g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfsf] cfwf/df cjsf lbgdf g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs k'g/;+/rgf jfx]s c?
;j}wflgs lgsf; 5}g . k/Dk/fut gfdsf] dfq jx'bnLo k|lt:kbf{ leq}jf6 klg cj oyfl:yltdf
g]kfn clw/fHo rNg ;Qm}g . g]kfndf /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] ;jfn Psflt/ 5 eg] &)
k|ltzt eGbf j9L g]kfnsf hghfltx?df /fHo 4f/f e}/x]sf] ljj]b / pTkL8gsf] ;dfwfg
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn ljBdfg 5 . /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] ;'uf /6fO{n] dfq g]kfnsf]
;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] l:ylt 5}g . o;nfO{ ljv08g / ;fDk|bfoLssf] ljNnf lj/fP/ dfq
klg ;d:ofjf6 efUg] cj:yf klg 5}g . /fhg}lts kf6L{x?n] of] ;jfnnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{
cfkmgf] ljrf/ / b[li6sf]0f k|:tfljt ug{ l8nf] ug{ x'b}g . lsgsL g]kfndf s'g}
klg hfltsf] jfx'Notf 5}g . t/ ;j} hghfltx? / efiff efifLx?sf] ;Vof cToflws 5
. ;}bfGtLs ?kdfg} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg eg]sf] g]kfnsf cfbLjf;L hghfltx?nfO{ ;Qfdf
;xefuL u/fpg'g} xf] . o; lgltut / ;}bfGtLs ljifodf /fhg}lts kf6L{x? 5nkmn ug{
tof/ x'g' k5{ , cj of] ljifo ljv08g / ;fDk|bfoLs eg]/ 6g]{ ljifo xf]O{g . o;}n]
g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts eljio lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] of] ljlzi7tfnfO{ h'g /fhg}lts
kf6L{n] :jLsf/ ub{5 . Tof] kf6L{;+u g]kfnsf] hflto\ cfGbf]ngsf] ;ldKotf /xG5
. sfu|];,Pdfn],/fk|kf, ;befjgf jf c? s'g} kf6L{ ljif]zsf] lje]b /xGb}g . hflto\
clwsf/sf] ;}bfGtLs dfGotfnfO{ olb :jLsf/ ug]{ xf] eg] o'uf}b]vL hft,efiff,wd{,/
;f:s[ltkIfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] ;Dk"0f{ e]befjnfO{ cGTo ug]{ 3f]if0ff ub}{
To:tf pTkL8Ltx?nfO{ :jzf;gsf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"tL lbO{ /fHodf ;xefuL x'g
kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug]{ dfgl;Stf /fhg}lts kf6L{x?df 5 5}g, g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts
kf6L{n] of] ljifodf u+le/ eP/ ;f]Rg h?/L 5 . o;nfO{ Jofks 5nkmn u/]/ , /fli6||o
;xdltsf] ljGb'df k'Ug h?/L 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs k'g/;+/rgfsf] :j?k /
/fli6|\o Pstfsf] cfwf/ ;DaGwL ;jfn
g]kfn clw/fHosf] jt{dfg cj:yf eg]sf] cToGt} hl6n df]8df plePsf] 5 . oxf+ s;}n]
rfx]/ klg s]xL x'g] cj:yf g} 5}g . hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t cj:yf eofjxs cj:yfdf
k'u]sf] 5 . ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhg}l.ts kf6L{x? klg bf]wf/sf] cj:yfdf k'uL
;s]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg :jefljs ?kdf ;+Grfng x'g ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}g . sltko\ /fhlglts
kf6L{sf g]tfx?n] ;+ljwfgsf] d[To'sf] 3f]if0ff ul/ ;s]sf] 5 , cToi6L dfq jf+sL
5 eGg] egfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug'{ ePsf] 5 .- kl5Nnf] ljrf/ k|lbk lul/ g]tf g]kfnL s+u|];
- sfGtLk'/ b}lgs !^ j}zfv _ To;} ul/ k|f=s[i0f vgfn / g]kfnL s+u|];sf g]tf g/xl/
cfrfo{ ;d]tn] k'g/;+/rgfsf] ;jfnnfO{ cfkmgf] b[li6sf]0fx? ;fj{hlgs ug'{ ePsf]
5 - d'Nof8sg dfl;s k"0ff{8=s !!& k]h @)^) r}q _ o:tf] cj:yfdf b]z clxn]
zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] cj:yfdf w|jLs[t e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnL hgtf / g]kfnsf] /fli6|\o
Pstfsf] ;jfndf ;j} g]kfnLx?sf] Pstfsf] cfwf/ s] x'g ;S5 < of] k|Zgsf] ;dfwfgsf]
nfuL ljBdfg g]kfnsf] ;j}wflgs k'g/;+/rgf jfx]s c? ljsNk 5}g . Tof] k'g/;+/rgfn]
g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] Pstfsf] Pp6f jnLof] cfwf/ jGg ;S5 . cGoyf sdhf]/ e} ;s]sf]
d'nsdf ul/g] /fhg}lts cEof;n] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] jt{dfg cfjZotfnfO{ k"lt{
ug{ ;Qm}g . ljZjdfg} c;kmn ;fljt x'b} uPsf] lg/k]If jx'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ x'jx'
g]kfndf k|of]u ug{ vf]Hbf g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfn] c:jLsf/ u/]sf] of] !@ jif{sf]
cg'ej ;d]t xfdLdf sfkmL 5 . jx'bnLo k|lt:kbf{ leq}jf6 g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfnfO{
cfTdf;ft ul/ ;j}wflgs k'g/;+/rgfnfO{ lgDg cfwf/df ;+:yfkLt ug{ ;lsG5 sL eGg]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ g]kfnsf] /fhlglts kf6L{,/fhg]tf,gful/s ;dfh, jf}l4s JolQmTjx? ljr
5nkmnsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL lgDg j'+bfdf k|:tfljt u/sf] 5' .
!= k|lt:kbf{Tds /fhg}lts Joj:yf .
jt{dfg jx'bnLo Joj:yf PsfTds k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t ePsf] / s'g} cfwf/ ljgf ljefhLt
!$ c+Grn &% lhNnf leq lgwf{/0f u/]sf] @)% lgjf{rg If]qsf] j}1flgs / j:t'ut
cfwf/ s]xL gePsf] x'+bf g]kfnnfO{ PsfTds / ;+3fTds k|0ffnLsf] cGt/ ;DjGw lglxt
k|0ffnLnfO{ u|xg ul/ /fhg}lts PsfTds / hflto\ , If]qLo / efifLs :jzf;gdf ;+3fTds
k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df ;j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf pko'Qm x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;j}
hflt,efiff,wd{nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf 3f]ifLt ?kdf ;'lrs[t ul/g' kb{5 . jt{dfg PsfTds
k|0ffnL / ;+3fTds k|0ffnLjf6 x'g] g]kfnsf] ;'b[8 Pstfsf] jf/]df Jofks 5nkmn
ul/g' kb{5 .
@= g]kfn / g]kfnL larsf] Pstfsf] cfwf/
g]kfn clw/fHosf] k'g/Plss/0f x'g' kg]{ cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;j}kIfn] cfTdf;ft ul/ hflto\,If]qLo\,n}8=uLs
/ efifLs nufPtsf g]kfnsf] ljlxi7tfnfO{ klxrfg ul/ g]kfnsf] /fli6|\otfsf] ;+/If0fsf]
k|Zgdf k|hftfGqLs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"tL / Uof/]06L ug]{ ;j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf]
lgdf{0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . g]kfnsf] sfg"gL zf;g, dfgj clwsf/ / k|hftGq
g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] ?kdf 3f]ifLt ul/g' kb{5 . k|hftGq / /fli6||otfsf]
;jfnfO{ Plss[t ?kdf x]l/g' kb{5 . k|hftGq / /fli6|\otfnfO{ g]kfnsf] Pstfsf]
cfwf/ jgfpg' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] k|hftGqnfO{ /fi6|\jfbL zlQmx? ljrsf] Pstfdf ;+:yfut
ug'{ kb{5 .
# /fHozlQm sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff M:jzf;g,cf/If0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f
jt{dfg g]kfn clw/fHosf] % ljsf; If]q !$ c+rn / &% lhNnf / ufpm ljsf; ;ldltsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ lj36g ul/ :jzf;g, cf/If0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cfwf/df /fHo zlQmnfO{
:yflgo:t/sf] sfof{Gjogsf] tx ;Dd k'-ofpg' kb{5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] k//fi6|\ ,
d'b|f, / ;'/Iffdf dfq k|of]u ug]{ ul/ c? ljsf; lgdf{0f / cfyL{s clwsf/ :jzf;Lt
If]qnfO{ k|bfg ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tfnfO{ x]bf{ hflto\ :jzf;g,efifLs
:jzf;g / If]qLo :jzf;g ;Dd k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] k"jf{wf/ 5 . d'Vo?kdf hflto\
:jzf;g g} xf] . hflto\ :jzf;g leq klg pTkL8Lt cGt/hflt lej]bnfO{ cf/If0f / If]qLo
pTkL8g leq If]qLo :jzf;gjf6 ljs]Gb|Ls/0f nfu" ug{ ;lsG5 . efifLs :jzf;g
leq}jf6 To;leq jf]nLg] cGo efiffx?nfO{ cf/If0f k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
$ gLlt lgdf{0f / ;+;b ;DjGwL cjwf/0ff
/fHosf] :jzfl;t If]qdf /fhg}lts kf6L{x?sf] jx'bnLo k|lt:kbf{jf6 k|ltlglwTj ug]{
l;6 / ;f] If]qdf j;f]jf; ug]{ h'g hfltsf] jfx'Notf 5 Tof] hfltsf] Zj;fgsf] nfuL
k|Tofe"tL x'g] l;6 tyf ;f] If]qdf cNk;+vos ?kdf /x]sf] ;j} hfltx?sf] clgjfo{
k|ltlglwTj x'g] l;6sf] lgwf{l/t ;+Vofdf k|Tos :jzf;Lt If]qdf Zj;fl;t hgk|ltlglw
;ef x''g ;Sb5 . ;f] hgk|ltlglw ;efn] Zj;fl;t ;/sf/ ;d]t u7g ug]{ 5 . ;f] If]qsf]
;j} ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;f] ;efnfO{ t]flsg' kb{5 . Zj;f;Lt If]q leq hflto\,cfyL{s,
rsf]{ pTkL8gdf k/]sf] hflt,ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ cf/If0f / ljs]Gb|s/0fsf] clwsf/
k|of]u ul/ ljif]zflwsf/ k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ 5 . s]Gb|df b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yf ug'{
kg]{ x'G5 . tNnf] ;efdf Zj;f;Lt If]qsf /fhg}lts / :j;f;Lt k|ltlglwx?,sf] k|ltlglw
;ef x'g] 5 . dfyLNnf] ;efnfO{ hflto\ / efifLs ;ef x'g] 5 . s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw
;efjf6 s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] rog ul/g' kb{5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df /x]sf If]qLo k|ltlglwnfO{
s]Gb|Lo k|ltlglw ;ef jf ;/sf/df /fVg] g/fVg] clwsf/ :jzf;Lt ;efdf x'g' kb{5
. s]Gb|Lo ;ef / ;/sf/sf] sfd Zj;fl;t If]qsf lglt lg0f{osf] cjnf]sg ;'emfj /
;xof]u dfq x'g' kg]{ 5 . c? ljifodf Zj;f;Lt If]q k"0f{ :jfoQm /xg' kg]{
5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f , k|fs[lts >f]tsf] jf+8kmf+8 / k|zf;gLs sfd sf/jfxL :jzfl;t
;/sf/jf6} lgwf{/0f ul/g' kb{5 . s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / s]Gb|Lo hgk|ltlglw ;efn] s]jn
cjnf]sg jf ;'emfj ;Dd lbg ;Sg] x}l;ot /fVg' kb{5 . dfyLNnf] hflto\;ef tyf efifLs
;efn] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ jf hgk|ltlglw ;efsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf k'g/ljrf/ ug{ lgb]{zg
lbg ;Sg] ;Ddsf] clwsf/ lglxt /xg' kb{5 .
% Gofo k|0ffnL / P]g sfg"g ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff
g]kfn c;dfg ljsf; / c;dfg ef}uf]nLs , ;fdflhds , hflt,efiff,wd{ / k|yfdf ljljwtf
ljBdfg ePsf] b]z ePsf]n] jt{dfg Gofo k|0ffnL h:tf] Pp6} sfg"gL Joj:yf b]ze/L
nfu" ul/g] Gofo k|0ffnL cGTo x'g' kb{5 . k|Tos Zj;f;Lt k|b]zn] cfkmgf]
Zj;f;Lt If]q leq nfu" x'g] vfnsf P]g sfg"g th'{df ug]{ clwsf/ Zj;f;Lt
hgk|ltlglw ;efnfO{ x'g' kb{5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] d"n ;+ljwfgdf ;/rgfut cfwf/
tyf ;+rfng ljlwnfO{ :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v ug{ h?/L 5 . ;+ljwfg k|bQm xsx? Zj;f;Lt
If]qx?n] k|of]u ug]{ ljlw tyf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] u7g ljlw nfO{ :i6 jgfpg h?/L
5 . c? ;j} Zj;f;Lt If]qdf jgfO{g] sfg"gx?dfg} :ki6 x'g h?/L 5 . hflto\
Zj;f;g, wd{lg/k]If,efifLs ;dfgtfsf] ;/rgfut cfwf/ k|ltljDjLt ePsf] 5'6\f5'6\6}
sfg"gsf] th'{df x'g h?/L 5 . g]kfnsf] k|foM P]g sfg"gx? ljb]z cfofltt
ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] ljlzi7tf / oxf+sf] dfgj ;Dotfsf] r/0fjf6 ljsf; x'b} cfPsf]
lhjg k4ltnfO{ cfTdf;ft ug]{ P]g sfg"gsf] th'{df g]kfnL ljlwzf:qsf] ;}bfGtLlss/0f
ul/ ;f] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg / sfg"g th'{df ug{ h?/L 5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]nLs
tyf efiff / hflto\ ljljwtf :jL; df]8]n;+u yf]/ jx't ;fdLKo /x]sf]n] To;sf] ljifodf
;d]t uxg cWoog ul/g' h?/L 5 . ;j} ljljwtfnfO{ /fHodf cleJoQm ug]{ d"nsfg"gsf]
th'{df x'g' kb{5 . c;dfg r]tgf / ljsf; ljBdfg ;dflhd jgf]6 ePsf] g]kfndf ;dfg
sfg"gn] efjgfTds Pstfsf] cleJolQm lbg ;Qm}g . cbfnt tyf Gofoflwzx? ;d]t
gf]s/zfxL >]0fL ljefhgjf6 eGbf klg Gofoflwzx?sf] ;]jf,;'ljwf / cfr/0fsf]
ljifodf dfq sfo{/t Gofokl/ifbnfO{ km/flsnf] ul/ ;j} txdf hglgjf{lrt Gofo kl/ifb
u7g ul/ To;jf6 lgo'Qm Gofostf{jf6 Gofo ;Dkfbg x'g' kb{5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf h:tf]
! hgf lgjf{lrt dGqL ;b:o ePsf] Gofo kl/ifb hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g ;Qm}g . gf]s/zfxL
k|j[ltjf6 GofokfnLsfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; klg x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ :jtGq / lgle{s
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