rf}tf/L   clen]vfno

ljZj cflbjf;L bzs / cflbjf;L :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf M Ps rrf{

s'df/ of]Ghg tfdfª
l8;]Da/ #, @))@

;Gbe{ M ljZj cflbjf;L lbj;M

olx ;g\ @))@ sf] l8;]Da/df k'gM cflbjf;L clwsf/x?sf] ljZjJofkL d:of}bf 3f]if0ffkq (United Nations Draft Declaration on the rights of Indigenous peoples) nfO{ clGtd ?k lbg h]g]efdf cflbjf;L clwsf/ d:of}bf 3f]if0ff;DaGwL sfo{bn (United Nations Working Group on the rights of Indigenous Peoples) sf] ljZj e]nf a:b}5 . of] ljZj e]nfn] ;Dej tM pQm d:of}bfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] 5 / cflbjf;L :yfoL dGr ( United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues) sf nflu sfdsf] dfu{ k|;:t ug]{ 5 . of] cflbjf;L bzssf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ pknlJw 7xl/g] 5 . o;cl3 g} cflbjf;L dfdnf x]g]{ :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf u/]/ ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] cflbjf;L bzssf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pknlJw xfFl;n ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ oL pknlJwx?sf af/]df c/jf}+ cyf{t\ tLg ;o krf; ldlnog eGbf al9sf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf cfwf/e"t cflbjf;L hgtf eg] cem} cGhfgdf 5g\ . Plzofdf dfq of] ;+Vof Ps ;o krf; ldlnog eGbf al9 /x]sf] 5 . of] ;+Vofsf] cToGt ;fgf] lx:;f cyf{t\ d'l7\7e/ kx'Frjfnfx? Dffq o:tf] hfgsf/L /fVg] x}l;ot /fVb5g\ . of] n]vsf] pb]io cflbjf;L bzs / :yfoL dGrsf af/]df ePsf k|ultx?af/] yf]/} k|sfz kfg'{ xf] .
ljut jif{x? em} o; jif{ klg cu:t ( sf lbg ljZje/Lsf cflbjf;Lx?n] cflbjf;L lbj; cf cfkm\gf] 9+un] ljleGg sfo{s|d;lxt dgfP . g]kfnd} klg of] lbj; cflbjf;L hghfltx?n] ljleGg sfo{s|dsf;fy cf cfkm\gf] uIf cg';f/ dgfPsf 5g\ . t/ ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 eg] o;sf nflu ljutdf em} o; jif{ klg a]jf:tf g} ul/of] . otf cflbjf;Lx?n] cfkm\g} kxndf of] lbj; dgfP klg o;sf] 3]/f eg] zx/sf b'Orf/ hgf kx'Frjfnf / To;sf] jl/k/L /xg] dfG5]x?;Dd dfq l;ldt /Xof] eGbf zfob ulNt x'b}g . o;f] x'g'sf kl5 w]/} sf/0fx?n] sfd u/]sf 5g\ .
klxnf] t M cflbjf;Lx? u/LaL / clzIffsf] vf8naf6 dfly p7\g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . bf];|f], cflbjf;L;DaGwL hlt klg kf7o ;fdu|L jf ;"rgfx? 5g\ lt g]kfnL efiff jf cflbjf;Lx?sf] dft[efiffdf k|fo pknJw 5}gg\ . yf]/ ax't h] kfOG5g\ Tof] klg kx'Fr x'g]x?;+u dfq ;Lldt 5g\ . t];|f], ;/sf/n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;d:ofnfO{ ljutb]lv g} pk]Iff ub}{ cfPsf] 5 h;sf sf/0fn] /fHosf] ;Grf/ dfWodn] klg cflbjf;Lx?sf ;dfrf/ jf ultljlwx?nfO{ gh/cGbfh ub{5g\ . rf}yf], cflbjf;L;DaGwL sfd ug]{ ;+3 ;F:yfx?sf sfd sfjf{xL klg hgcfwfl/t (peoples based) x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ltgLx?sf sfd sfjf{xLx? al9 sf]7] e]nf / tf/] xf]6nx?sf] uf]li7df l;ldt 5g\ . ltlgx? ;fFRrL eGbf rGbfbftf (Donor Agency) x?;+u lge{/ x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf 5g\ . cfkm\g} hflt / ;+:yfsf] andf eGbf k};fsf] andf dfq sfo{s|d to x'Fb} hfg yfn]sf 5g\ . o;n] hgtfsf aLrdf s'/f / ljifo a:t' k'Ug afwf xfln/x]sf] 5 . kfFrf}, cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/sf] n8fO+ cem} dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?sf] cfFvfdf cf]em]ndf k/]sf] 5 . To;}n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/ :yfkgfsf af/]df ePsf /fli6o tyf cGt/fli6o ultljlwx? / ljsf;;DaGwL ;dfrf/x? k|rfl/t x'Fb}gg\ .
oL ljljw sf/0fx?n] :yfgLo txdf vf; sfd x'g g;s] klg cGt/fli6o hutdf cflbjf;Lx?sf clwsf/x? :yflkt ug]{ dfdnfdf w]/} sfdx? ePsf 5g\ . h;sfaf/]df g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;";"lrt ug{', pgLx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] g};lu{s clwsf/x?sfaf/]df hfu[t / ;+ul7t u/fpg' tyf /fHonfO{ pgLx?sf clwsf/x? :yflkt ug{ /fli6o / cGt/fli6o bjfj l;h{gf ug{' cfhsf] vf; cfj:ostf xf] . To; ?kdf nfvf} pTkLl8t hgtfsf aLr cflbjf;L lbj;n] dxTj kfpg' kb{5 / kb{Yof] t/ b"ef{Uo, To;f] x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] cflbjf;L lbj;nfO{ Tolx ?kdf lng ;s]df g} To;sf] pkfb]otf klg x'g ;Sb5 . h;sf nflu o;sf] ;aeGbf al9 vfFrf] 5 Tolx hgtfsf aLr o;sf] pknlJwx? k'u]g eg] xfdLn] jif]{gL dgfpg] lbj;sf] g} s] cy{ x'G5 <

cflbjf;L ;d:ofaf/] cGt/fli6o hut\M
cGt/fli6o hut\df cflbjf;L dfdnfaf/] s'/f p7fpg] klxnf] ;+:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] ljz]if c+usf] ?kdf ul7t cGt/fli6o dhb'/ ;+u7g xf] . of] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] c+u klg xf] . o;n] cfkm\gf] :yfkgfsf] bf];|f] jif{df g} cyf{t\ ;g\ !(@) sf] z'?df g} cflbjf;Lx?sf] xs clwsf/x?af/] s'/f p7fPsf] lyof] . ;+If]kdf cfO Pn cf] elgg] of] ;+:yfn] To;a]nf b]lv g} cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;+/If0f Pj+ k|ultsf nflu nuftf/ sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] xs clwsf/nfO{ ;+/lIft / :yflkt ug{ d'ntM b'O{ If]qdf cfkm\gf] sfdnfO{ lj:tfl/t u/]sf] 5 . klxnf], ;+u7gsf] b'O{ cg'aGw4f/f kfl/t gLlt / sfo{s|d cg';f/ cflbjf;Lx?sf] k|ult / lg/LIf0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] / bf];|f], cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]usf sfo{s|dx? rnfpg] .
cfO Pn cf]n] krf;sf] bzsdf / c:;Lsf] bzsdf vf; u/]/ cflbjf;L clwsf/x?nfO{ :yflkt ug{ d'ntM b'O{ cGt/fli6o dxfcg'aGwx? Kffl/t u/of] h;df ;g\ !(%& df ePsf] cflbjf;L tyf hghflt hg;+Vof;DaGwL cGt/fli6o dxf;Dd]ng h;nfO{ cg'aGw !)& (Convention 107) sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 / ;g\ !(*( df ePsf] cflbjf;L tyf hghflt;DaGwL cGt/fli6o dxf;Dd]ng h;nfO{ cg'aGw !^( (Convention 169) sf] gfdn] lrlgG5, k|d'v 5g\ . oL b'O{ cGt/fli6o dxf;Dd]ngx?n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] gful/s, /fhlglts, cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs clwsf/x?sf Go'gtd dfkb08 :yflkt ul/lbPsf] 5 . h;nfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ /fi6x?n] afWofTds ?kdf kfng ug'{ kg]{ klg Joj:yf 5 .
cfO Pn cf]4f/f ;g\ !(%& df kfl/t ePsf] cg'aGw !)& g} klxnf] Tof] clwsf/kq xf] h;n] ;aeGbf klxn] cflbjf;Lx?sf] xs clwsf/sf af/]df cGt/fli6o dfkb08 tf]lslbPsf] lyof] . To;}n] ;g\ !(*) sf] bzs eGbf klxn] cfO Pn cf]sf] Tof] cg'aGw g} cflbjf;L;DaGwL cGt/fli6o dfkb08 tyf a}w xltof/sf] ?kdf dflgGYof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzskl5 eg] cflbjf;L ;DaGwL w]/} sfdx? :jo+ ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] g} yfNof] / cflbjf;L hg;+Vof;DaGwL sfo{bnsf] :yfkgf klg u/o]f . To;kl5 k|To]s jif{ cflbjf;L ;DaGwL gofF gofF ;d:of / cjwf/0ffx?sf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] . ;+;f/e/Lsf cflbjf;Lx? Ps 7fpF hDdf eP/ cfkm\gf ;d:ofx?af/] 5nkmn ug{ yfn] o;n] klg ljifo a:t'sf] ulx/fOdf k'Ug ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ d4t u/of] . o;}sf] k|ltkmn cfO Pn cf]n] klg sltko k'/fgf] cg'aGwdf ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ eof] . kmntM ;g\ !(*( df cfO Pn cf]n] cflbjf;L tyf hghflt;DaGwL cGt/fli6o dxf;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/of] / cg'aGw !^( nfO{ kfl/t ub}{ cflbjf;L clwsf/;DalGw gofF cGt/fli6o dfkb08sf] lgdf{0f u/of] . cfh klg cGt/fli6o hut\df cfO Pn cf]sf] pQm dfkb08 g} cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ dfkb08sf ?kdf lnOG5 . h:tf] ljZj a}+s, o' Pg l8 lk h:tf ;+:yfx?n] o;}nfO{ dfGotfdf lng] u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf/0f cflbjf;Lx?sf] clwsf/nfO{ ljZjdGrdf :yflkt u/fpg tyf dfly p7fpgdf cfO Pn cf] sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ /lxcfPsf] 5 .
To;f] t cGt/fli6o hut\df ePsf oL ultljlwx? cfkm} p7]sf lyPgg\ o;sf kl5 ljZjel/sf pTkLl8t cflbjf;L tyf hghfltx?n] rnfPsf] ;+3if{x?sf 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . vf; u/]/ Nofl6g cd]l/sf / Plzofsf cflbjf;L hgtfn] rnfPsf] u}/ ;;:q tyf ;z:q ;+3if{x?n] Hofb} dxTj /fVb5g\ . lt cfGbf]ngx?nfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]/ cGt/fli6o hutdf ePsf] ljsf;nfO{ dfq a'em\g yfNof} eg] Oltxf;n] xfdLnfO{ Ifdf lbg] 5}g . To;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] cfh cflbjf;L dfdnf Pp6f b]zsf] dfq ;d:of jf ljifo ag]sf] 5}g a? cGt/fli6o hut\sf] g} xn gu/L gx'g] ljifo ag]sf] 5 / To;s|ddf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] klg o'4:t/df sfdnfO{ cl3 a9fPsf] 5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leq cflbjf;L :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgfM

;g\ @))) Dff g} ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leq cflbjf;L dfdnf x]g}{ :yfoL dGr :yfkgfaf/]sf] k|:tfj ;+3sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb (ECOSOC) af6 kfl/t eP/ $ l8;]Da/ ;g\ @))) df ;+3sf] dxf;efn] ;d]t Psdtn] kfl/t u/]kl5 cflbjf;L;DaGwL ljZj dfdnf x]g]{ :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . ;g\ @))! e/L g} cflbjf;Lx? / ;/sf/x? cflbjf;L :yfoL dGrsf nflu cf cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwlx? 5gf}6 ug{df Jo:t eP . Tof] s|d k"/f u/]/ ut ;g\ @))@ sf] d] dlxgfdf dGrsf] klxnf] a}7s Go'of]s{df a:of] / To;n] dGrsf] k|f?kaf/] k|f/lDes sfd yfln;s]sf] 5 .
;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leqsf] ljleGg 5 pRr:tl/o c+ux?df Ps cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb (ECOSOC) sf] pRr txsf] ;Nnfxfsf/ c+u (High-level Advisory body) sf ?kdf o;sf] :yfkgf eP klg o;sf] dfGotf eg]sf] ;+3leq ;+3sf] pRr:tl/o c+u dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u (Commission on Human Rights) sf] ;/x xf] . To;}n] of] dGr cflbjf;L dfdnf x]g]{ Ps zlQmzfnL c+usf ?kdf :yfkgf ePsf] 5 .
t/ of] /ftf/ft ag]sf] xf]Og . o;sf nflu ljZjsf cflbjf;Lx?sf] nfdf] alnbfgL ;+3if{, w}o{ / Tofusf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . hj cflbjf;Lx?sf] cfGbf]ngn] ljZjnfO{ p5fNb} n}hfg yfNof] To;kl5 of] ljifo ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] Wofg cfsif{0fsf] ljifo aGof] . o;s|ddf vf; u/]/ Nofl6g cd]l/sfsf k]?, leg]hf]Pnf, sf]nf]lDaof, lrnLb]lv Plzofsf ef/tsf gfufNof08, ldhf]/d, lqk'/f, a+unfb]zsf lr6\6fuf]ª lxn 6\ofs;Ddsf cflbjf;L hgtfn] rnfPsf alnbfgLk"0f{ ;+3if{x?sf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . o;}s|ddf g} ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3df of] ljifo ;g\ !(*) sf] bzskl5 lgSs} hf]8bf/ ?kdf p7\g yfNof] . olx bzsdf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3s} kxndf o; ;DalGw ljleGg vf]h / sfo{bnx? ( Working Group) klg ag] . o;} s|ddf ;g\ !((# df lePgfdf ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DalGw cGt/fli6o ;Dd]ngn] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leq} cflbjf;Lx?sf] :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf ug{' kg]{ cjwf/0ffnfO{ cl3 ;f/of] / pQm ;Dd]ngsf] lePgf 3]fif0ffkq tyf sfo{of]hgfn] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3s} ;+/rgfdf cflbjf;L cGt/fli6o bzs -!((%-@))$_ leq} cflbjf;L dfdnf x]g]{ Pp6f :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;'emfj k|:t't u/of] .
o;}sf] kl/0ffd ;g\ !((% df ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3n] 8]gdfs{sf] sf]k]gx]ugdf Pp6f sfo{zfnfsf] cfof]hgf u/of] h;df ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx?, cflbjf;L ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx? / cflbjf;L dfdnf ;DalGw lj1x?n] efu lnP . pgLx?n] To; sfo{zfnfdf :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgfaf/] a[xt 5nkmn ub}{ To;sf] ;Defjgf, ;+/rgf, :yfg, cfly{s ;|f]t, ;fwg, clwsf/ If]q, sfo{ljlw, ;b:otf, cflbjf;L ;DalGw cGo sfo{bnx?;+usf] ;DaGw, sfof{no, k|of]hg cflbsf af/]df lj:t[t 5nkmn rnfP . To;} jif{ ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] dxf;efn] cflbjf;Lx?sf] cflbjf;L bzs ;DalGw sfo{of]hgfx? Kffl/t ub}{ eGof]M 'cflbjf;L bzssf] k|fylds sfd eg]sf] cflbjf;L dfdnf x]g]{ :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf ug'{ xf] .
;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3s} kxndf ;g\ !((& df lrlnsf] :oflG6ofuf]df cflbjf;L :yfoL dGraf/] bf];|f] sfo{zfnf ;DkGg eof] . o;}u/L ef/t, kgfdf, tfGhflgof, h]g]efdf klg o;tf sfo{zfnfx? ;DkGg eP . oL ;a} sfo{zfnf uf]li7x?n] :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf ;DalGw ljleGg ;'emfj / k|:tfjx? ;lxt 3f]if0ffkqx? Hff/L u/] . To;df vf; u/]/ DofG8]6, ;+/rgf, ;b:otf, sfo{:yfg, tx / ;|f]tsf] s'/f k|d'v lyP .
o;}ljr ;g\ !((* df ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] dfgj clwsf/ cfo]fusf] a}7s ;DkGg eof] . of] a}7sn] :yfoL dGr ;DalGw cfPsf ljrf/x? pk/ 5nkmn ug{ Pp6f sfo{bnsf] u7g u/of] / o;sf] klxnf] ljZj e]nf ;g\ !((( df h]g]efdf ;DkGg eof] . o;n] lj:t[t ?kdf :yfoL dGrsf] ;+/rgf, Dof08]6, sfo{ljlw, ;|f]t, ;b:otf cflbsfaf/]df 5nkmn u/of] . / ;g\ @))) sf] clk|ndf k'g sfo{bnsf] bf];|f] a}7s h]g]efd} a:of] . ;fFRrL eGg] xf] eg] of] cflbjf;L k|ltlglwx? / ;/sf/L k|ltlglwx?sf nflu lgSs} u/dfu/d a}7s eP klg of] Tolts} pknlJwk"0f{ klg lyof] . olx a}7sn] cflbjf;L :yfoL dGrsf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfx?af/] nfdf] u/dfu/d 5nkmnkl5 ;xdlt h'6fPsf] lyof] . / cGtdf of] ljZj e]nfn] g}] 7f]; sfo{of]hgf / cfwf/;lxt dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ cfkm\gf] ;'emfj k|:t't u/of] . dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] clk|n @))) df g} o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ 'cflbjf;L dfdnf;DaGwL :yfoL dGr :yfkgf ug]{ /fo / k|:tfj;lxt ;+3sf] pkNnf] pRr c+u cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb (ECOSOC) df k7fof] . kl/ifbn] ;f] k|:tfjnfO{ ;g\ @))) sf] h'nfO{df g} kfl/t u/of] / dxf;efdf k7fof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] dxf;efn] $ l8;]Da/ ;g\ @))) df Psdtn] pQm k|:tfjnfO{ ;dy{g ub}{ ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] Oltxf;df g} klxnf] k6s cflbjf;L dfdnf x]g]{ Ps pRr :tl/o :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf u/\of] .
cflbjf;L cfGbf]ngsf] nfdf] Oltxf;kl5 cGt/fli6o hut\df k|fKt of] ;kmntfn] cflbjf;Lx?nfO{ clxn] 7"nf] /fxt ldn]sf] 5 t/ r'gf}ltx?sf] 9]/ eg] c? a9]/ uPsf] 5 . cem} w]/} r'gf}lt / ;d:ofx? cflbjf;Lx?sf cufl8 5g\ . To;nfO{ ljutdf em} ldn]/ ;fdgf ug'{ h?/L 5 / oL pknlJwx?nfO{ vf; hgtfsf ljrdf k'/\ofpg cfj:os ePsf] 5 .

cflbjf;L :yfoL dGrsf] ;+/rgfM

cflbjf;L dfdnf ;DalGw of] :yfoL dGrsf] ;+/rgf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] Oltxf;df g} cToGt gf}nf] / k[ys k|sf/sf] 5 . lsgeg] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] of] g} klxnf] To;tf] c+u xf] hxfF ;/sf/ / cflbjf;L hgtf ;+u;+u} Pp6} sfo{;ldltdf a;]/ sfd ub}{5g\ . o;afx]ssf cGo c+ux? ;a} /fHo:t/df dfq ag]sf 5g\ hxfF ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx? afx]s cGo hg:t/sf] ;xeflutf x'Fb}g . To;sf/0f klg of] :yfoL dGrsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leq g} Pp6f gofF ax; p7fPsf] 5 / To;n] ljleGg b]zsf hgtfsf] l;wf kxF'r ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leq k'/ofpg] 9f]sf vf]n]sf] 5 .
of] cflbjf;L :yfoL dGrsf] ;+/rgf cflbjf;L k|ltlglw * hgf / ;/sf/L k|ltlglwx? * hgf u/]/ hDdf !^ hgfsf] ag]sf] 5 . h;sf] k|ltlglwTj k|0ffnL klg cToGt nlrnf] k|sf/sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ cflbjf;Lx?n] cfkm\g} k/Dk/f / k|ls|of cg'?k cfkm\gf] k|ltlglw 5fGg kfpFb5g\ . t/ ;/sf/ kIf eg] ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3s} 5gf}6 k|ls|of cGtu{t 5gf}6 ub{5g\ . h;cg';f/ ljZjnfO{ kfFr If]qdf afFl8Psf] 5 / tLg hgf r} kfn}kfnf] ljleGg If]qx?af6 k"lt{ ul/G5 . cflbjf;Lx?sf k|ltlglwx?sf] 5gf}6sf nflu eg] ljZjnfO{ hDdf ;ft If]qdf afFl8Psf] 5 h;df !, cflS6{s÷o'/f]k If]q (Arctic/ Euorpe Region), @, clkm|sf If]q (Africa Region), #, Plzof If]q (Asia Region), $, pQ/ cd]l/sf If]q (North America Region), %, dWo÷blIf0f / Sofl/ljog If]q (Central/South America and the Caribbean Region), ^, Kofl;lkms If]q (Pacific Region) / &, k"lj{ o'/f]k / k"j{ ;f]leot If]q (Eastern Europe and Former USSR Region) kb{5g\ . / Pshgf k|ltlglw r} Plzof, clkm|sf / dWo÷blIf0f cd]l/sf tyf Sofl/ljog If]q u/L tLg If]qaf6 kfn}kfnf] 5gf}6 ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

dGrdf klxnf] PlzofO k|ltlglw g]kfnaf6 M

of] :yfoL dGrdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ cflbjf;L k|ltlglwx? 5gf}6 xF'bf To; If]qsf ljleGg cflbjf;L ;+3 ;+:yfx?sf] If]qLo e]nfn] 5gf}6 u/] klg :yfoL dGrsf nflu pgLx? j}olQms ?kdf cflbjf;L lj1sf ?kdf dflgG5g\ . o;sf ;b:ox?sf] kbfjlw hDdf tLg jif{sf] x'G5 . cflbjf;L dfdnf x]g]{ of] cflbjf;L :yfoL dGrsf] Plzof If]qsf] klxnf] k|ltlglwTj g]kfnsf k|f= k/z'/fd tfdfªn] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . jxfF g]kfn hghflt dxf;+3sf] k"j{ dxf;lrj tyf xfn g]kfn tfdfª 3]b'ªsf cWoIf klg x'g'x'G5 . jxfF ut jif{ g]kfnsf] w'lnv]ndf ;DkGg ePsf]] Plzof If]qsf cflbjf;Lx?sf] If]qLo ;Dd]ng4f/f lgjf{lrt x'g' ePsf] xf] . of] uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] ls g]kfnn] Tof] ;'cj;/ klxn} k6s k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . jxfF :yfoL dGrsf] Go'of]s{df a;]sf] klxnf] a}7s4f/f dGrsf] pkfWoIfdf ;d]t r'lgg' ePsf] 5 .

dGrsf] sfo{ If]qM

;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] ;+/rgfleq ag]sf] of] dfq Ps To:tf] pRr:tl/o c+u xf] h;n] dfq cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;d'Rr xs clwsf/x?af/] sfd ub{5 . o;n] s]jn cflbjf;Lx?sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] dfq xf]Og lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;F:s[lt, jftfj/0f / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;af/]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;d:ofx?af/] x]b{5 . o;n] d"ntM lgDg sfo{x? ub{5 M
!, cflbjf;L dfdnf ;DalGw ;d:ofx?sfaf/]df kl/ifbnfO{ lj1 ;'emfj / sfo{of]hgfx? k|:t't ub{5 .
@, cflbjf;L;DaGwL hgr]tgf hufpg] tyf cflbjf;Lx?sf ljr Pstf / ;b\efj a9fpg] sfd ub{5 .
#, cflbjf;L dfdnf;DaGwL ;"rgfx? tof/ ug]{ / To;sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ sfd ub{5 .

sf]if, sfof{no / ;xeflutfM

dGrsf] ut ;g\ @))@ sf] d] df Go"of]s{df a;]sf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o cg';f/ o;sf] cfly{s sf]if ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] lgoldt ah]6af6 g} ;Grfng x'g] ePsf] 5 . o;sf] ;lrjfno -sfof{no_ ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] Go'of]s{l:yt d'Vofnodf g} /xg] ePsf] 5 . pQm lg0f{osf cg';f/ dGrsf] ;lrjfnodf kfFr hgf cflbjf;L lj1x? /xg] 5g\ eg] b'O{ hgf k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Lx? /xg] 5g\ . h;sf nflu cflbjf;L lj1x? tyf cflbjf;L If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf of]Uo JolQmx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg] 5 .
dGrsf] a}7sx?df cflbjf;L hgtf, cGo ;xof]uL ;F:yf tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3s} cGo c+ux?nfO{ klg ko{j]Ifssf ?kdf efu lng] clwsf/ x'g] 5 . o; jif{sf] dGrsf] klxnf] a}7sdf klg ljleGg cflbjf;L ;+3 ;+:yf, cGt/ ;/sf/L tyf cGt/ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?n] efu lnPsf lyP . t/ dGrsf] a}7s eg] ;Fw} Go'of]s{df g} a:g' k5{ eGg] Joj:yf 5}g . dGrsf] ;xdlt cg';f/ a}7s hxfF klg a:g ;S5 . t/ dGrsf] cfufdL cf}krfl/s a}7s eg] k'g Go'of]s{df g} a:b}5 . To;afx]s klg cfj:os ePdf dGrsf] yk a}7sx? a:g ;S5 / Tof] tLg lbg jf kfFr lbg ;Ddsf] x'g ;S5 . t/ dGrsf] cf}krfl/s a}7s eg] ;Fw} !) lbgsf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 .

dGrsf r'gf}ltx? M

;+;f/ e/Lsf cflbjf;Lx?sf nflu of] uf}/jsf] s'/f xf] ls cflbjf;Lx?sf dfdnf x]g]{ klg cGt/fli6o hut\df Pp6f cflwsfl/s ;F:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leq cj :yflkt ePsf] 5 . t/ of] uj{sf;fy} dGrsf ;fdg] w]/} r'gf}ltx? klg ylkPsf 5g\ . h;nfO{ l7s 9+un] p7fpg / xn ug{ ;lsPg eg] To;n] dGrsf] sfo{bIftf, Ifdtf / cl:tTjdfly dfq xf]Og ;+;f/e/Lsf c/jf}+ cflbjf;L hgtfsf] ;kgf, cfsf+Iff / efjgfx?dfly klg rf]6 k'/\ofpg] 5 . To;}n] clxn] dGrsf ;fdg] w]/} u+le/ / dxTjk"0f{ r'gf}ltx? cfPsf 5g\ . To;nfO{ 7Ls tl/sfn] xn ug{ cfj:os 5 .
dGrsf] ufO8 nfOgsf ?kdf cfpg] cflbjf;L;DaGwL ljZj 3f]if0ffkq g} cem} kfl/t x'g g;s]sf] tyf sltko ljjfbx? cem} ;'Nemg] l:ylt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf :jfefljs ?kdf dGrsf cufl8 hl6ntfx? 5g\ . To;nfO{ l7s 9+un] xn u/]/ hfg ;Sof] eg] g} dGr ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leq Ps k|efjzfnL / cfb/0fLo c+usf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g]5 . To:sf nflu s]jn dGrsf ;b:ox? dfq lhDd]jf/ x'g] 5}gg\ ljZj cflbjf;L ;d'bfo / ltgsf cflbjf;L ;+3 ;F:yfx?sf] e"ldsf klg Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ x'g]5 .
cflbjf;L hg;+Vof ;DalGw ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] sfo{bnnfO{ cflbjf;Lx?sf] u'gf;f] kf]Vg] 7fpF dfq agfpg] xf] ls ;fFRr} sfdsfhL c+usf ?kdf ljsl;t ug]{ xf] eGg] k|Zg klg cj p7\g' kb{5 / To;af/] klg :yfoL dGrn] gofF ?kdf ;f]Rg' kb{5 . :jo+ :yfoL dGr g} klg cfkm}df sfdsfhL c+u x'g] xf] ls s]jn ;'emfj ;+sng u/Llbg] af]8{ dfq x'g] eGg] s'/f klg o;sf] sfd ug]{ tf}/ tl/sf / Ifdtfdf lge{/ ub{5 . dGrsf] sfo{If]q x]bf{ o;nfO{ k|fKt Dof08]6 hlt;'s} km/flsnf] eP klg of] jf:tjdf lgl/x c+u h:tf] b]vf kb{5 .
ljZje/L g} cflbjf;L hgtfx? / ;/sf/x?sf ljr 4Gb rln/x]sf] 5 . ax'/fli6o sDklgx? / :yfgLo ;/sf/x?n] ljsf;sf] gfddf cflbjf;Lx?sf hn, h+un / e"lddfly clts|d0f tLa| kf/]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/sf s}of} b]zx?df cem} ToxfFsf cflbjf;L hgtfx?sf Go"gtd ;f:jt dfgj clwsf/x? klg xgg\ eO/x]sf 5g\ . tL hgtfn] cfkm\gf] hGdl;4 ;fdflhs, eflifs, ;fF:s[lts tyf wfld{s clwsf/x? ;d]t klg pkef]u ug{ kfO/fv]sf 5}gg\ . Tof] cj:yfdf cflbjf;L hgtfsf] dfgj clwsf/ tyf tTsfn hLjg/Iffsf] kIfdf af]lnlbg] alnof] cGt/fli6o ;+:yfsf] cfj:ostf Psbd} vl8\sPsf] 5 . Tof] lbzfdf klg dGrn] u+le/tfk"j{s ;f]Rg' kb{5 .
clxn] csf]{ v'lzsf] s'/f s] xf] eg] cflbjf;L ljZj 3f]if0ffkqn] o; cl3 g} cflbjf;Lx?sf] hn, h+un / e"lddflysf] :jfoQ clwsf/nfO{ cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;n] cflbjf;Lx?sf] :jfoQtfsf] clwsf/sf] d'4f cj cGt/fli6o ?kdf g} :yflkt ePsf] 5 . t/ To;sf] /Iffsf] kIfdf bx|f];+u af]lnlbg] c+u ePg eg] tL clwsf/x? sfuhsf] vf]:6f] af]xs s]lx x'g] 5}g .
d'ntM cj ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3leq b'O6f d'4f dfq ljjfbsf] ljifo afFsL /x]sf] 5 eGbf km/s kb}{g . klxnf], cflbjf;Lx?sf] ;fd'bflos clwsf/ (Collective Rights) sf] d'4f / bf];|f], cflbjf;Lx?sf] cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/ (Right to Self - Determination) sf] d'4fnfO{ klg cfufdL h]g]efdf x'g] sfo{bnsf] ljZj e]nfn] xn ug{ ;Sof] eg] :yfoL dGrsf nflu sfdsf] dfu{ k|;:t x'g] 5 . To;kl5 d'ntM dGrsf] ;}WbflGts af6f] klg km's'jf x'g] 5 . To;}n] dGrsf nflu cflbjf;L;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6 ;+3sf] d:of}bf sfo{bnsf] cfpFbf] l8;]Da/sf] ljZj e]nf c? dxTjk"0f{ x'g] s'/f lglj{jfb 5 .

cGtdfM

clxn] cflbjf;L bzsn] cf7f}jif{ kf/ ub}{ 5 / of] cf7 jif{sf] Pp6} t/ dxTjk"0f{ / 7f]; pknlJw eg]sf] g} :yfoL dGrsf] :yfkgf x'g' xf] . oWokL of] g} ;a} yf]s xf]Og / o;n] clxn] g} ;a} s'/fsf] ;dfwfg u5{ eGg] klg xf]Og t/ of] z'?jft cfkm}df 7"nf] pknlJw xf] . o;n] cflbjf;Lx?sf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu dfq xf]Og, pgLx?sf] :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf;df ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'/\ofpg] 5 . ;du|df eGbf cflbjf;Lx?sf] /fhg}lts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df ;d]t o;sf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg x'g] 5 t/ To;sf nflu cflbjf;L hgtf cfkm}df hfu?stf, bIftf, cfk;L ;b\efj / Pstf cfj:os 5 . 7Ls 9+un] pkof]u ug{ ghfGbf jf g;Sbf klg ;fwgsf] b"?kof]u x'g;S5 eGg]tkm{ xfd|f] Wofg uof] eg] o;}leqaf6 c? dxTjk"0f{ pknlJwx? XfFl;n x'g;Sb5g\ . t/ oL pknlJwx?nfO{ kx'+rjfnfx?df dfq ;Lldt /fVg' x'Fb}g, :yfgLo txsf hgtf;Dd k'/ofpg] sfd ug{ ;Sof] / ltgnfO{ cfkm\gf xs clwsf/af/] hfu?s u/fpg ;Sbf g} o;sf pknlJwx?sf] klg ;fy{stf /xG5 / xfd|f] cfGbf]ng klg alnof] x'G5 . Tof] lbzfdf xfd|f x/]s cflbjfl; lbj;n] ;ldIff / kxn ug{' kb{5 .