|
;dfrf/ ;+If]k 
clen]vfno
zfxL g]kfnL b"tfaf;sf] lgjf;df cfunfuL
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;ª6g 8L;L, @@ hgj/L @))#
jfl;+ª6g 8L;Ll:yt zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;sf] lgjf;:yfgdf cfOtaf/ ;fFem
em08} ;f9] ;ft ah] cfunfuL ePsf] 5 .
cfuf] nfUgf;fy bz j6f eGbf a9L af?0foGqx? cfOk'u]sf] / cfuf]nfO{ t'?Gt lgoGq0fdf
lnPsf] lyof] . cfunfuLaf6 3/sf] ;a}eGbf tnsf] efu a];d]G6df ePsf nQfsk8f, 3/sf
ljB'tLo pks/0fx? nufot e'FO{efu k'/} Wj:t ePsf] 5 eg] cGo efudf vf; s'g} Iflt
gePsf] s'/f zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;sf k|yd ;lrj s[i0frGb| cof{nn] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{
atfpg'eof] .
3/df cfunfuL x'Fbf zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"t hok|tfk /f0ff tyf >LdtL /f0ff ut
z'qmaf/sf lbgdfq} g]kfntkm{ nfUg'ePsfn] pxfFsf 3/df sfd ug]{ lrq axfb'/ v8\sf
/ sfG5L tfdfªdfq /x]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5 . v8\sf / tfdfª eg] dfG5fdf vfgf
ksfO/x]sf] a]nf PsfPs a];d]G6df cfunfuL x'g k'u]sf] yfxf kfO{ cufl8 l5d]sLsf]
3/df uO{ kmf]g u/L af?0foGq dufOPsf] lyof] . ;odd} af?0f oGq cfOk'u]sf sf/0f vf;}
7"nf] Iflt x'g gk'u]sf] s'/f klg b"tf;af;n] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fPsf] 5 .
cfunfuL s;/L x'g uof] o;af/] k|i6 yfxf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] ljB'tLo ;6{ eO{ cfuf]
nfu]sf] z+sf ul/Psf] 5 .
o'6f g]kfnL ;dfh :yfkgf
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;ª6g 8L;L hgj/L !^, @))#
cd]l/sfsf] o'6f /fHodf a:g] g]kfnLx?sf] Ps e]nfn] æo'6f g]kfnL ;dfhÆ
gfds Ps ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] s'/f ;N6n]s l;6L o'6faf6 k|fKt k|]; lj1lKtdf
hgfOPsf] 5 .
;N6n]s l;6Ldf krf; hgf eGbf a9L g]kfnLx?sf] Ps e]nf4f/f o'6fdf a;f]af; ug]{
g]kfnLx?dfem Pstf ub}{ n}hfg], g]kfnL efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgsf nflu sfo{
ug]{, g]kfndf ;d]t ljleGg ;dodf cfOkg]{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k nufotsf cGo s'/fdf ;xof]u
k'/\ofpg], cd]l/sfsf cGo /fHodf /x]sf g]kfnL ;+3 ;+:yfx?aLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{
/ cGo /fli6o tyf cGt/f{l6o ;fdflhs ;+3;+:yfx?l;t ;DaGw a9fpg] p2]Zo lnP/ pQm
;+:yf vf]lnPsf] s'/f lj1lKtdf pNn]v 5 .
;+:yfsf] cWoIf, pkfWoIf, dxf;lrj / sf]iffWoIfdf qmdzM 8f= d'/f/L k|wfg, /d]zrGb|
vgfn, 1fg]Gb| s'df/ x}+h', cGh' yklnof x'g'x'G5 eg] ;b:ox?df lji0f' l3ld/],
/d]z du/, ;Gtf]if s];L, lgs]z >]i7 / dx]Zj/ kGt /xg'ePsf] s'/f s'df/ x}h'n]
g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ k7fpg'ePsf] lj1lKtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
:d/0f/xf];\ ut ;fn @))@ sf] lxpFb] cf]nlDks v]n ;N6n]s l;6Ld} ePsf] lyof] .
lqml:rog s§/kGyL df]/\dg wdf{jnDaLx?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] pQm zx/ ;f]xL cf]nlDkssf
sf/0f ut jif{b]lv lgSs} k|l;4L sdfPsf] zx/sf ?kdf x]l/G5 . PgjLP af:s]6andf
o'6fsf] Hofh l6d s]xL jif{ cl3 lgSs} k|l;4L sdfPsf] lyof] t/ xfn j[4 v]nf8Lx?n]
ubf{ o;sf] cj:yf gfh's /x]sf] 5 .
Æg]kfnnfO{ P8df eGbf 6"]8df hf]8 lbg cd]l/sf;Fu cfu|xÆ
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;ª\6g 8L;L !%, hgj/L @))#
tof/L kf]zfs lgsf;Lsf nflu cd]l/sfn] ;xf/fsf clk|msL / Sof/]ljog d'n'sx?nfO{
lb+b} cfPsf] ;x'lnot g]kfnn] klg kfcf];\ eGg] dfu /fVb} tof/L kf]zfs pBf]uLx?sf]
;ft ;b:oLo g]kfnL 6f]nL] cfOtaf/ jfl;ª\6g 8L;L cfOk'u]sf] 5 .
pQm 6f]nLn] d+unaf/ cd]l/sL RofDa/ ckm sdz{df RofDa;{sf kbflwsf/Lx?, :6]6 l8kf6{d]G6sf
kbflwsf/Lx?, sdz{ l8kf6{d]G6sf kbflwsf/Lx? / cGo lghL If]qsf ljleGg JolQmx?
;dIf g]kfnL tof/L kf]zfssf] af/]df hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyP .
6f]nLsf ;b:o tyf tof/L kf]zfs ;+3sf sf]iffWoIf gf/fo0f ahfhn] g]kfnsf] tof/L
kf]zfs pBf]usf af/]df ækfj/ KjfOG6Æ dfkm{t\ tof/L kf]zfssf] l:ylt
hfgsf/L u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .
tof/L kf]zfs lgsfzLdf !* b]lv #) k|ltzt;Dd nfUb} cfPsf] s/ cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] d'Qm
ul/lbPdf cd]l/sL ;/sf/nfO{ @) ldlnog 8n/ gf]S;fg x'g] t/ o;f] u/]sf] v08df g]kfnn]
eg] k|ToIf ?kdf tLg nfv eGbf a9L dflg;sf] hLjg arfpg ;Sg] cfFs8f k|:t't ub}{
pQm 6f]nLn] g]kfnnfO{ lbOg] cg'bfgdf eGbf o:tf ;fgf pBf]usf nflu 5'6 lbPdf o;n]
k|ToIf ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/f cd]l/sLx? ;dIf JoQm u/] .
6f]nLsf ;b:o tyf tof/L kf]zfs ;+3sf cWoIf ls/0f k|= ;fv eGg'x'G5, æcd]l/sfn]
P8df x}g xfdLnfO{ 6"]8Ædf ;xof]u u/]df xfdL g]kfnLsf] l:ylt /fd|f]
x'g]5 .
o;}u/L cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf Jofkfl/s k|ltlglw hf]g /f]hg af]d / Sof/lng ldn/n], of]
s/ ldgfxfsf] s'/f s+u|];4f/f kfl/t x'g] ePsfn] sl7g eP tfklg c;Dej eg] g/x]sf]
atfP eg] hf]g /f]hg af]dn] g]kfnn] tof/L kf]zfssf cnfjf cGo pTkfbgx?nfO{ klg
aflx/L d'n'sdf lgof{t ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf lyP .
6f]nL g]kfnLx?;Fusf] cGt/lqmofdf
pQm 6f]nLn] jfl;ª6g 8L;Ll:yt zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;sf] cfof]hgfdf
:yfgLo g]kfnL ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?;+u ;d]t tof/L kf]zfss} ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;f]daf/
;fFem Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd u/]sf] 5 .
tof/L kf]zfs ;+3sf cWoIf ls/0f k|= ;fvn] ljut jif{x?df cd]l/sfsf nflu k|d'v
lgsf;Lsf ?kdf g]kfn tof/L kf]zfs /x]sf] / To;af6 g]kfnn] jif{sf] ! ;o &)
ldlnog 8n/ cfDbfgL ub}{ cfPsf] tYof+s atfpFb} clxn] cfP/ g]kfndf /x]sf tof/L
kf]zfs pBf]ux? dg{ yfn]sf]df lrGtf JoQm ug'{eof] .
o;f] x'g'df d'Vo sf/0f cd]l/sfn] ;xf/fsf clk|msL / Sof/]ljog d'n'sx?nfO{ tof/L
kf]zfssf nflu 8\o'6L lk|msf] ;'ljwf lbgfn] ubf{ xfd|f pBf]ux? w/f;foL eP/ uPsf]
atfpg'eof] . xfdLn] klg To:t} ;'ljwf kfpg'kg]{ dfu ;d]t g]kfnsf] /x]sf] atfpg'eof]
.
cWoIf ;fvn] Toltdfq x}g cfpg] ;g\ @))$ ;fnb]lv o:t} x'Fb} uPdf xfd|f tof/L kf]zfssf
pBf]ux? ;Dk"0f{ jGb x'g] klg pQm cGt/lqmofdf atfpg'eof] .
cd]l/sfdf a:g] g]kfnLx?n] klg g]kfnsf nflu 8\o'6L lk|msf s'/fx? cfkm\gf cfkm\gf
tj/af6 cd]l/sL ;/sf/ ;dIf cfjfh p7fOlbg cfu|x ug'{eof] .
csf{ 6f]nLsf ;b:o tyf pBf]u afl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf ;x;lrj k'?iff]Qd
cf]emfn] cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] xfd|f pBf]u Joj;foLx?sf nflu s]xL ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 ls
eg]/ g} g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;d]t k|ltlglwTj ub}{ 6f]nL cd]l/sf cfOk'u]sf]
atfpFb} o;} lznlznfdf of] 6f]nL Sofgf8f ;d]t hfg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'ePsf]
lyof] .
cd]l/sf tyf Sofgf8fdf a:g] g]kfnLx?n] ;d]t oL ljifodf rfv b]vfpg\ eGgsf nflu
o:t} cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd Go"of]s{ tyf af]:6gdf ;d]t /flvPsf] hfgsf/L klg
cf]emfn] lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf ;xefuL g]kfnLx?sf tkm{af6 o;sf nflu cd]l/sL ;/sf/nfO{ bjfj lbgsf nflu
njL ;d"x v8f ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbOg'sf ;fy} g]kfnLx?n] x:tfIf/ cleofg u/]/
x'G5 ls s] u/]/ oL s'/fx? cd]l/sL ;/sf/ ;dIf k'/\ofpg ;lsG5 ;xof]u ug]{ jrg
cGt/lqmofdf pkl:yt g]kfnLx?n] lbPsf lyP .
cGt/lqmofsf] sfo{qmd jfl;ª\6g 8L;Ll:yt zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;n] cfof]hgf
u/]sf] lyof] eg] pQm sfo{qmddf dxfdlxd /fhb"t hok|tfk /f0ffn] cfuGt's 6f]nLsf]
:jfut ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
pQm 6f]nLdf pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfonsf ;x;lrj k'?iff]Qd cf]emf,
tof/L kf]zfs ;+3sf cWoIf ls/0f k|sfz ;fv, dxf;lrj pbo/fh kf08], sf]iffWoIf gf/fo0f
ahfh To:t} ;'gLn zfSo, g/]Gb|s'df/ a:g]t / rGb|nfn hf]zL x'g'x'G5 .
kfnO6dfly uf]nL k|xf/
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
hgj/L !!, @))#
Dffcf]jfbLx?sf] cfqmd0faf6 h'Dnf Jof/]s arfpg] d]h/ xl/ hf]zLsf efO xl/x/ hf]zL
cGoGo Po/sf x]lnsK6/ kfOn6nfO{ zlgaf/ ljxfg} ef6el6gL glhs} dlg{ªjfsdf
lgl:sPsf a]nf uf]nL xflgPsf] ;dfrf/ 5 .
uf]nL s;n] xfGof] Tof] cem} kQf nfUg g;s]sf] eP klg h'Dnf cfqmd0fsf a]nf Jof/]sdf
/x]sf lghsf bfh'sf sf/0fn] efOnfO{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] g} uf]nL xflgPsf] x'g;Sg] z+sf
ul/Psf] 5 .
uf]nL hf]zLsf] bflxg] kfv'/fdf nfu]sf] 5 eg] lghnfO{ pkrf/fy{ :yfgLo c:ktfndf
nluPsf] s'/f xfdLnfO{ k|fKt ;dfrf/df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
hgcf:yfsf ;Dkfbs cem} e"ldut
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
hgj/L !!, @))#
ljut rf/ dlxgfb]lv e"ldut x'g k'u]sf hgcf:yf ;fKtflxssf ;Dkfbs lszf]/ >]i7
cem} aflx/ lg:sg] cj:yfdf g/x]sf] >]i7n] g]kfnLkf]i6;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf atfPsf
5g\ .
s]xL snfsf/x?n] >[iff sfsL{sf] cfTdxTofsf] sf/0f hgcf:yfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/
xf] eg]kl5 >]i7n] e"ldut x'g'k/]sf] lyof] .
>]i7 eg] snfsf/ >[iffsf] cfTdxTofsf] sf/0f eGbf klg snfsf/ czf]s zdf{sf]
gful/stf g} gSsnL xf] eGg] ;dfrf/ ljutdf hgcf:yfn] k|sflzt u/]sf] / jt{dfg u[xdGqL
wd{axfb'/ yfkf @)$^ ;fndf c~rflnwLz x'Fbf lgh zdf{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|ltsf/ ;ldltdf
/x]sf sf/0f czf]s zdf{n] cfkm" lj?4 of] ;a} k|kGr /r]sf] xf] / o;df u[xdGqLn]
;fy lbPsf] s'/f >]i7n] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ atfP .
>]i7 eG5g\, æhgcf:yfdf b/jf/, zfxL ;]gf / k|x/Lsf ljz]if ;a}vfn] st'{tx?sf
;dfrf/ cfpg] x'gfn] To:tf ;dfrf/ hgcf:yfn] k|sflzt gu/f];\ eg]/ g} cfkm"nfO{
u[xdGqL ;d]t nfu]/ of] xs{t ul/Psf] xf]Æ .
To:t} g]kfnsf] sfg'gdf g} gePsf] Pp6} JolQmnfO{ b'O{ b'O{ j6f d'4f cfkm"dfly
nufP/ ;/sf/n] sfg'gsf] ;d]t cjx]ngf u/]sf], cfkm" cbfntdf pkl:yt x'gf;fy
k|x/Ln] kqmfp ug]{ ePsfn] ubf{ ljgf sf/0f lr;f] l58L+df a:g' gk/f];\ eg]/ g}
cfkm" e"ldut /x]sf] s'/f pgL atfpF5g\ .
xfn g]kfndf sfg'g Psflt/ d'vsf] cfb]z csf]{lt/ rNg] ePsfn] ubf{ cfkm"nfO{
afFRg uf/f] kl/x]sf] ;d]t u'gf;f] >]i7n] g]kfnLkf]i6;Fu u/] .
To;f] t k|x/Ln] cem} klg >]i7nfO{ e]§fpg ;s]sf] 5}g / pgnfO{ vf]Hg]
lgxF"df e/v/}dfq lgh ;Dkfbssf] 3/df 5fkf df/]sf] 5 . 3/df ;DkfbsnfO{ e]§fpg
g;s]kl5 j[4 /f]uL cfdfnfO{ ljxfg $M$% ah] d'vdf 6r{nfO6 afNb} 5f]/f sxfF 5 eg
eGb} cfdfnfO{ k|x/L k|zf;gn] b'Mv lbPsf] s'/f klg >]i7n] atfP . k|x/L lg/LIfs
xl/axfb'/ dNnsf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] k|x/L >]i7sf] 3/ aflx/ kvf{naf6 3/leq k|j];
u/]sf] t/ >]i7 e"ldut ePsf sf/0fn] cfkm" afFRg ;kmn ePsf] atfPsf
5g\ .
ljut ;++s6sfn nfu" ePkl5 k|x/Ln] b'O{ k6s lgh >]i7nfO{ y'gfdf /flv;s]sf]
5 .
cd]l/sfdf a:g] g]kfnL o'jfx? k|hftGqsf] kIfdf
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;ª6g 8L;L hgj/L !), @))#
a]jfl/; / ljrlNnt cj:yfdf /x]sf, cgL g e"t g jt{dfg g t eljZos} cfzf ;d]t
/fVg g;lsPsf] jt{dfg g]kfnsf] afWojtfnfO{ :jLsfb}{ Go"of]s{sf s]xL g]kfnL
o'jfx?n] clt eof] eg]/ Ps æg]klnh\ 8]df]qmo|fl6s o'y sfplG;nÆ gfds
;+:yf :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ .
cfgGb lji6 ;efkltTjdf #^ ;b:oLo ;ldltsf] u7g u/]sf 5g\ . pQm ;ldltdf Go"of]s{
nufot cGo ljleGg /fHoaf6 ;d]t ljleGg JolQmx?sf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] s'/f ;f] ;+:yfn]
Ps lj1lKt k|sflzt u/L hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 .
;+:yfsf] ;Nnfxfsf/sf ?kdf ljho l;Ub]n, sdn af= sfsL{, sfg'g\ljb\ vu]Gb| hL;L,
d[b'nf sf]O/fnf / snfsf/ z}n]; >]i7 /x]sf 5g\ .
pk;efklt, dxf;lrj, sf]iffWoIf / sfo{no k|jQmfsf ?kdf qmdzM ;'wf+z' hf]zL, ;f]dgfy
l3ld/], ;'Gb/nfn dxh{g / k|sfz zfx /x]sf 5g\ .
;f] ;+:yfsf cGo kbflwsf/Lx?df bf]hL{ z]kf{, xl/ZrGb| xdfn, cDa' If]qL, z]/axfb'/
e08f/L, k|df]b l;6f}nf, c/f]h s'gfn, b]jL cfrfo{ 6]S;f;, cDa/ lji6 n'Olhofgf,
d'lQm bjf8L 8L;L, ;'gLn bfxfn Dof;fRo";6\;, clhj >]i7 ldgf;f]6f, ;dL/
e08f/L sf]nf]/f8f, lrqdl0f a/fn elh{lgof, l/j; l3ld/] cf]xfof], /fh' yfkf cf]Snfxf]df,
lzjs'df/ /fO{ Go"XofD;fo/, xl/ yfkf g]a|f:sf, rGb| e08f/L sg]lS6s6, pd]z
>]i7 Go"h;L{, dl0fs'df/ v8\sf Soflnkmf]lg{of, d~h' sfsL{ ldl;ug, /fh
sfkm\n] d]l/Nof08, ;f}/e zdf{ O{lngf]O / ;/0f 9sfn k]lG;ne]lgof /x]sf 5g\ .
ljutdf /fhgLlt bnx?n] u/]sf] unt sfo{sf] 3f]/ lgGbf ub}{ ;f] ;+:yfn] /fhf 1fg]Gb|af6
hgtfsf] ;jf{lwsf/ x:tIf]k u/]/ ;+;b lj37g u/]sf] 36gfk|lt b'Mv hgfpFb}, /fhfn]
;jf{lwsf/ hgtfdf g} ;'lDkg'kg]{ s'/f klg lj1lKtdf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .
cfhsf o'jf zlQm k|hftGq rfxG5g\ / ;f]xL sfo{df nfUgnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ b]z tyf
ljb]zdf /x]sf o'jf zlQmnfO{ ;d]t pQm ;+:yfn] cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 .
sf]nf]/f8f]dfdf Nxf];f/ kj{
zld{nf zdf{ rf}+nfufO{
hgj/L %, @))#
u'?ªx?n] ljz]if rf8sf ?kdf dgfpFb} cfPsf] Nxf];f/ kj{ cd]l/sfsf ljleGg
efudf /x]sf u'?ªx?n] klg hgj/L Ps tfl/vsf lbg ;f+:s[lts tyf cGo ljljw sfo{qmd
u/L dgfPsf] ;dfrf/ 5 .
sf]nf]/f8f]l:yt g]kfnL /]i6'/]G6sf ;~rfns rGb| u'?ª tyf /fd u'?ªsf]
ljz]if ;lqmotfdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] pQm sfo{qmddf sf]nf]/f8f] /fHodf a;f]af; ug]{
Ps ;oeGbf a9L u'?ªx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
ljb]zdf a;]/ klg cfkm\gf] ;f+:s[lts uf}/jnfO{ hLjGt /fVg ;kmn u'?ª hfltn]
pQm cj;/df cfkm\gf] hfltut klxrfgsf] emNsf] lbg] vfnsf ljleGg k|b{zgL ;d]t u/]sf
lyP .
o:t} Nxf];f/ kj{s} pknIodf Go"of]s{ tyf af]:6g zx/df /x]sf u'?ª ;d'bfox?n]
klg ljleGg ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd u/L Nxf];f/ kj{ dgfPsf] ;dfrf/ 5 .
g]kfnLkf]i6 86 sdsf] klxnf] jflif{sf]T;j ;DkGg
hob]j uf}td
jfl;ª6g 8L;L, #) l8;]Da/ .
æPs jif{ lat]sf] kQ} eO/x]sf] 5}g . ;do slt l56f] lalt;s]5, dlg6/ vf]n]/
of] klqsf k9\g ;'? u/]sf] lxhf] h:t} nfU5,Æ Ps hgf jl/i7 ;xefuL g]kfnLkf]i6
86sdsf] klxnf] jflif{sf]T;j sfo{qmddf l6Kk0fL JoQm ub}{ lyP . g]kfn / g]kfnLx?af/]
clg vf;u/L cd]l/sf al;/x]sf g]kfnLx?sf ljljw ultljlwx?af/] ;dfrf/ / ljrf/d"ns
k|:t'ltx?sf] OG6/g]6 ;+:s/0f g]kfnLkf]:6 86 sd :yfkgf ePsf] Ps jif{ k'u]sf]
cj;/df cfOtaf/ Ps ljz]if ;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] .
ljljw If]qsf JolQmx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ cd]l/sfsf nflu
zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"t hok|tfk /f0ffn] g]kfnaflx/ /x]/ klg cfkm\gf] Jo:t ;dosf
afjh'b g]kfnL snf, ;+:s[lt, ;flxTosf ;fy} b]zsf] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, cfly{s l:yltaf/]
ljZjsf ljleGg efudf 5l/P/ /x]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ OG6/g]6 dfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fpg] g]kfnLkf]:6
86sdsf] k|of; ;/fxgLo /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .
æg]kfnLkf]:6 86 sdn] g]kfnLx?sf] aLrdf Ps k|efjsf/L k'nsf]?kdf sfd u/]/
/fi6, /fli6otf, k|hftGq / cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|j4{gdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] 5 eGg]df
d k"0f{ ljZj:t 5',Æ pxf"n] eGg'eof] .
OG6/g]6 ljZjJofkL?kdf ;~rf/sf] ;/n, ;xh, ;:tf] / ;zQm dfWodsf] ?kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf]
pNn]v ub}{ /fhb't /f0ffn] eGg'eof], æof] dfWoddfkm{t\ g]kfnL kf]i6 86
sdn] ;dfrf/ ljrf/sf] ljljlws/0fsf ;fy} j:t'ut?kdf tYo k|:t't u/]/ ;a} kf7ssf]
dg lhTg ;kmn x'g'k5{ .Æ
csf{ jQmf a'l4hLjL 8f= lrqs[i0f ltjf/Ln] g]kfnL kf]i6 86 sdsf] k|sfzgn] g]kfnleq
s] eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] g]kfnaflx/ a:g]x?nfO{ /fd|/L yfxf x'g ;ls/x]sf] pNn]v ub}{
eGg'eof], æg]kfndf ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] a]nf :jb]zleq 5fKg g;s]sf s'/f Tof]
a]nf g]kfnLkf]i6 86 sdn] 5fk]/ ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0fsf] If]qdf g]kfnLx?dfly 7"nf]
u'0f nufPsf] 5 .Æ
s's'/n] dfG5] 6f]Sof] eg] ;dfrf/ x'"b}g t/ dfG5]n] s's'/nfO{ 6f]Sof] eg]
;dfrf/ x'G5 eGg] kqsfl/tfsf] ax'rlr{t plQm :d/0f u/fp"b} 8f= ltjf/Ln] g]kfnsf
/fhgLlts g]tfx?sf ultljlwx?nfO{ cjnf]sg ug{ cfu|x ug'{eof] .
pxf"n] P8\ef]s];L kqsfl/tfeGbf cg';Gwfgd"ns kqsfl/tf g} /fd|f] x'g]
klg pNn]v ug'{eof] .
o;}u/L klxnf] jflif{sf]T;j sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ k|l;4 lrlsT;s 8f= ;Rr]s'df/
kxf8Ln] cfkm" cd]l/sfdf al;/x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ;lqmotfaf6 k|efljt ePsf] atfpFb}
cufl8 eGg'eof], æb]z 5f8]/ ljb]z a;]sf] eP klg g]kfnsf] dfof la;{g g;s]sf]
k|df0f g]kfnL kf]i6 86 sdsf] of] klxnf] jflif{sf]T;j xf] . sfddf Jo:t /lx/xg'kg]{
cj:yfdf klg o;/L hd36 x'g;Sg' cfkm}df pT;fxsf] ;+s]t xf] .Æ
æg]kfndf a;]/eGbf oxfF cd]l/sfdf /x]/ tkfO{x?af6 g]kfnaf/]sf] ;dfrf/ w]/}
hfGg kfO/x]sf] 5',Æ 8f= kxf8Ln] eGg'eof] .
;ef lj;h{g ub}{ sfo{qmsf ;efklt g]kfnL cd]l/sg kqsf/ ;+3sf cWoIf tyf g]kfnL
kf]i6 86 sdsf k|wfg ;Dkfbs lu/Lz kf]v/]nn] cd]l/sfsf] /fhwfgL jfl;ª6gdf
/x]/ g]kfnsf] eGbf leGg / km/s k|:t'ltsf qmddf lgikIf / ;xL ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg
ug{ ;lsof];\ eg]/ g} g]kfnLkf]i6 86 sdsf] yfngL ul/Psf] :d/0f ub}{ s'g} vf;
ljrf/ / jfbk|lt ;dlk{t geO{ klqsfdf ;a}vfn] ljrf/nfO{ ;d]6\b} cfPsf] / o;qmdnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lb+Ob} hfg] :ki6 kfg'{eof] .
Ps jif{sf] 5f]6f] cjlwd} eP klg g]kfnLkf]i6 86 sd xfn b}lgs b'O{ xhf/ kf7sx?n]
x]g]{ u/]sf] tYofª\s k|:t't ub}{ k|wfg ;Dkfbs kf]v/]nn] klqsf lgsfNg ;dfrf/
n]v /rgf lbP/ tyf cGo k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{x?sf] gfdfjnL k9]/ ;'gfpg'ePsf] lyof]
. pxfFn] g]kfnL kf]i6sf nflu ;do;dodf ljleGg ;"rgf / ;dfrf/ k|bfg ub}{
cfPsf]df zfxL g]kfnL b"tfjf;k|lt klg ljz]if cfef/ JoQm ug'{eof] / efjL
lbgx?df ;d]t of] ;xof]u lg/Gt/ /lx/xg] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] .
 k|m]Gr s6 bf9LnfO{ cfkm\gf] 6]8dfs{ agfPsf dgf]h cfrfo{n] /dfOnf] u/L ;~rfng
u/]sf] sfo{qmdnfO{ ls/0f l;6f}nfn] 5f]6s/Ldf :jfut ug'{ePsf] lyof] . rZdf ldnfpFb}
l;6f}nf eGb} x'g'x'GYof], æo:tf sfo{qmdx?df nfdf] efif0fsf] kL8f d}+n]
k6sk6s ef]u]sf] 5' . d Tof] kL8f oxfF ;fem]bf/L ug{ rfxGg .Æ
cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s u/L b'O{ r/0fdf ljeflht pQm sfo{qmdsf] k|f/Dedf g]kfnLkf]i6
86 sdsf ;xsdL{x?sf] kl/ro u/fOPsf] lyof] . cf}krfl/s sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf g]kfnLkf]i6
86 sd;DaGwL ljleGg ;f]wfO{ / hjfkmx?sf] sfo{qmd ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmd ;~rfns / g]kfnLkf]i6 86 sdsf k'?if ;xsdL{x? g]kfnL kf]zfs bf}/f ;'?jfn
/ 9fsf 6f]kLdf k|:t't ePsf lyP h;n] sfo{qmdnfO{ yk /f]rs cg'ej u/fPsf] dx;';
ul/Psf] lyof] . lbjfef]h;lxtsf] sfo{qmd cfof]hgf:yn jfl;ª6g 8L;Ll:yt dfpG6
Pe/]:6 /]:6'/]G6 /fli6o kf]zfsdf 7fFl6Psf g]kfnL o'jfx?;d]tsf] g]kfnL hd36 b]v]/
d';'Ss d':s'/fPsf] lyof] / dfgf}+ elg/x]sf] lyof], æg]kfnL kf]i6 86 sdn]
ca emg\ r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ bf];|f] jif{df :t/Lo / uDeL/ klqsfsf] ?kdf cfkm"nfO{
pEofpg ;sf];\ .Æ
æwGojfb dfpG6 Pe/]:6,Æ pkl:yt ;xefuLx?sf] Ps} :j/ lyof] .
8L;Lsf] g]kfnL b"tfjf;df k':tsfno v'Ng]
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;ª6g 8L;L l8;]Da/ @(, @))@
s]xL dlxgfleq} jfl;ª6g 8L;Ll:yt zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;df Ps k':tsfno
:yfkgf u/fpgsf nflu kxn ul/g] s'/f dxfdlxd /fhb"t hok|tfk /f0ffn] hfgsf/L
u/fpg'ePsf] 5 . dxfdlxd /f0ffn] pQm s'/f cfkm\g} lgjf; :yfgdf l8;]Da/ @* tfl/v
;fFem ;DkGg :juL{o >L % jL/]Gb|sf] hGdholGtsf cj;/ kf/]/ /flvPsf] Ps ;flxlTos
;fFemdf u/fpg'ePsf] xf] .
pQm ;fFem /fhb"tfaf;d} sfo{/t ;flxTosf/ ho 5fË5f /fO{ cfkm\gf] rf/
jif]{ sfo{sfn k"/f u/L g]kfn kms{g nfUg'ePsf]n] pxfFsf] ljbfOsf] ;d]t cj;/
kf/]/ 8L;L j/k/ /x]sf ;flxTosf/x?sf] hd36 u/L sljtf jfrgsf] sfo{qmd /flvPsf]
lyof] .
;flxTosf/x? hDdf ug]{ of] cfkm\gf] z'?cft dfq ePsf] / eljiodf o:tf] ;flxlTos
sfo{qmdnfO{ 7"nf] ?k lbg] b"tfjf;sf] ;f]rfO/x]sf] s'/f klg dxfdlxd
/fhb"tn] atfpg'eof] . :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] u/]sf sfddf cfkm\gf] ;b}j ;xof]u
/xg]5 eGb} dxfdlxd /fhb"t /f0ffn] b"tfaf;n] ug]{ sfd ;flxTosf/x? cfkm}+n]
ul//xg'ePsf]df v'zL JoQm ug'{eof] .
;f]xL ;fFem, cfufdL lbgdf b"tfaf;sf tkm{af6 x/]s efg' holGtsf cj;/df :yfgLo
g]kfnL ;flxlTos ;+3 ;+:yfx?;Fu ldn]/ g]kfnL ;flxTosf nflu ljz]if sfo{qmdsf]
z'?cft ;d]t ul/g] s'/f dxfdlxd /fhb"t /f0ffn] ;flxTosf/x?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'eof]
.
sfo{qmdsf] z'?df ;flxTosf/ ho 5fË5fnfO{ b"tfaf;sf tkm{af6 dxfdlxd
/fhb"t /f0ffn] Ps 6f]sg k|bfg ug'{x'Fb} /fO{ b"tfjf;sf] sd{rf/Ldfq
geP/ Pp6f /fd|f] ;flxTosf/ klg /x]sf]n] b"tfjf; uf}/j u5{ eGb} cfkm"nfO{
b"tfjf;nfO{ ;d]t g]kfnL ;flxTok|lt rfv hufpg] sfd ;d]t /fO{n] u/fpg'ePsf]
:d/0f u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .
To;}u/L ;flxTosf/ x]dGt >]i7n] :ju{af;L /fhf jL/]Gb| ;/sf/;Fusf] b]zsf ljleGg
efudf x'g] e|d0fsf cj;/df / cGo a]nf klg bz{ge]6 x'g] u/]sf If0fx?sf] ;+emgf
ub}{ /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] :juf{/f]x0fn] g]kfnL ;flxTo / snfsf If]qdf klg Tolts} cf3ft
k'u]sf] atfpg'x'Fb} æOltxf;sf qm'/ 6fkx?Æ zLif{sdf Ps sljtf jfrg
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
;f]xL ;fFem Ps bh{geGbf a9L k':tsx? cg'jfb ul/;Sg'ePsf lj4fg l8lNn/fh pk|]tLn]
g]kfnL efiffsf] Pp6f :t/Lo zAbsf]if ;d]t lgwf{/0f x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf ljb]zL k':tsx?
cg'jfb ug{ cem} sl7g /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] xfn g]kfnL Oltxf;sf/x?nfO{ ;d]t
lgSs} pkof]uL x'g] k|m]Gr efiffdf k|sflzt æl;NefFn]eLÆ gfds k':ts
cg'jfb ul//xg'ePsf] 5 eg] ;f] k':ts s]xL ;dod} k|sflzt x'g] hfgsf/L klg u/fpg'eof]
.
;flxTosf/ uf]ljGb lu/L æk|]/0ffÆn] klg :jujf;L /fhf jL/]Gb|n] ;flxTosf/x?nfO{
w]/} dfof ug'{x'GYof] eGg] cfkm\gf] Ps ;+:d/0f ;'gfpFb} æufGtf]s (*Æ
zLif{ssf] Ps sljtf kf7 ug'{ePsf] lyof] . æk|]/0ffÆn] b"tfjf;df
vf]Ng nfluPsf] k':tsfnosf nflu rflxg] k':tsx?sf] ;d]t cfkm"n] g]kfn uP/
;s];Dd ;+sng ug]{ hfgsf/L ;f]xL cj;/df u/fpg'eof] .
csf{ ;flxTosf/ tyf g]kfn kms{g nfUg'ePsf ho 5fË5n] jfl;ª6g 8L;L j/k/sf
;flxTosf/x?sf] Gofof] dfof cfkm" lnP/ hfg] / oxfFx?nfO{ ;w}+ d]/f] d'6'df
/fVg] atfpFb} jfl;ª6g 8L;L / sf7df8f}+sf] t'ngf ub}{ sljtf jfrg ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
pQm ;fFem sljtf jfrg ug]{x?df k|]d ;+u|f}nf, dgf]h cfrfo{, 8f= xl/ e§/fO{,
a;Gt >]i7, k'?iff]Qd ;'j]bL, l6sf k'g, 8LjL tfdfª, ;/nf >]i7 / d~h'
lg/f}nf x'g'x'GYof] eg] sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng a;Gt >]i7n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
ljz]if ;DkfbsLo
xfd|f] Ps jif{
l8;]Da/ @(, @))@
xfdLn] g]kfnL kf]i6sf] k|sfzg z'? u/]sf] klg Ps jif{ eP5 . o; Ps jif{sf cjlwdf
xfd|f] k|sfzgnfO{ ;+;f/e/sf w]/} g]kfnLx?n] x]/]sf] s'/f t xfd|f] OG6/g]6sf
lelh6/x?sf] ;+Vofn] atfpF5 . z'?df jfl;ª6g 8L;L If]q j/k/sf dfq xfd|f lelh6/
/x]sf lyP t/ xfdLn] xfd|f] k|sfzg z'? u/]s} s]xL lbgd} ;+;f/e/sf g]kfnLx?n]
xfd|f] klqsf lelh6 u/]sf] b]lvg yfNof] . of] ;+Vof cfh cfP/ lbgx'F b'O{ xhf/eGbf
a9L b]lvg yfNg' xfd|f] nflu v'zLsf] s'/f xf] . g]kfnLx? hxfF eP klg cfkm\gf]
b]z / df6f]sf] plQs} dfof u5{g\ . g]kfn b'Vbf ;+;f/e/ hxfF;'s} /x]sf g]kfnL
eP klg pgLx?sf] dg b'V5 . h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltj; b]z 5f8]/ aflx/Lg'k/]sf] eP klg
lbgx'F g]kfnsf] va/ hfGg / ;'Gg g]kfnLx? pT;'s x'G5g\ . cfh ;+;f/e/ ljleGg efudf
g]kfnLx? klg cfkm\gf] sfd / dfdsf] lznlznfdf lx8]sf 5g\ . pgLx? cfkm\gf] 5'§}
klxrfg /fVg rfxG5g\ To;}n] o:t} klxrfg /fVg] lznlznfdf jfl;ª6gdf /x]sf
xfdL s]xL g]kfnLx?n] g]6sf] dfWodaf6 eP klg ;+;f/e/ /x]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ ljleGg
7fpF 7fpFdf /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbnfpF eGg] nfu]/ o;sf] z'?jft u/]sf
xf}+ .
ljut jif{b]lv cfP/ g]kfndf ;xL ;"rgf k|jfx ug{ aGb]h nufpg] qmd z'? ul/Psf]
5 o:tf] cj:yfdf xfdLn] aflx/ /x]/ eP klg ;a} vfn] ljrf/nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg]
hdsf]{ u/]sf xf}+ .
g]kfnsf] kqsfl/tfdf o'uf}+b]lv b]lvb} cfPsf] jfb k|j[lQaf6 cnu /x]/ ;a} vfn]
ljrf/x?nfO{ :yfg lbg] gLltcg'?k xfdLn] o;sf] yfngL u/]sf xf}+ . xfdL cfpg] lbgx?df
klg ;a} vfn] ljrf/nfO{ 7fpF lbP/ ljrf/ dGyg ug]{ rf}tf/fsf ?kdf ljsl;t ub}{
g]kfnsf] k|hftGq / dfgjclwsf/sf nflu ;+;f/e/ /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] cfjfh j'nGb ug]{
ynf]sf] ?kdf ;d]t o;nfO{ ljsl;t ug]{ of]hgf lnPsf 5f}+ .
To;}u/L cfh lbgx'F g]kfnaf6 ;+;f/sf ljleGg s'gfdf ljb]lzPsf Joj;flos kqsf/x?nfO{
/ g]kfns} Joj;flos kqsf/x?nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\b} o; k|sfzgnfO{ Pp6f :tl/o rf}tf/f]sf]
?kdf ljsl;t ub}{ n}hfg] cleofgdf ;d]t xfdL nfu]sf 5f}+ . ljb]zdf /x]/ g]kfnL
efiffdf lg:sg] o; g]kfnL kf]i6nfO{ xfd|f lk|o kf7sx?n] cfpFbf lbgx?df ;d]t o;sf
sdL sdhf]/Lx?nfO{ lgxfNb} xfdLnfO{ ;'emfj / k|ltlqmof lbg'x'g]5 eGg] xfd|f]
k|sfzg ;d"xn] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5 .
uf]ljGb lu/L æk|]/0ffÆ sf] syf dfly ;dfnf]rgf
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L, l8;]Da/ @%, @))@
b Ps]8]dL ckm g]kfnL kf]o6\; P08 /fO6;{ jfl;+ª6g 8L;Lsf] cfof]hgfdf syfsf/
uf]ljGb lu/L æk|]/0ffÆsf] syf n]vg @% jif{ k'u]sf] pknIodf Ps ;flxlTos
sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/\of] .
pQm cj;/df syfsf/ uf]ljGb lu/L æk|]/0ffÆn] cfkm"n] syf n]Vg
yfn]sf] @% jif{ k'u]sf] pknIodf dw'ks{df k|sflzt æ58\s] ltNx/LÆ
gfds syf pkl:yt ;flxTok|]dL tyf ;flxTosf/x?sf dfem k9]/ ;'gfpg' ePsf] lyof]
eg] pxfFsf] syfdfly ;dfnf]rs 8f= xl/ e§/fO{n] ;dfnf]rgf ug'{ePsf] lyof]
.
;dfnf]rs e§/fO{n] syfsf/sf] syf hlt vfl/g'kg]{ xf] Tolt gvfl/Psf] atfpFb}
o:tf xl:tx?n] n]v]sf syf hlt x'g'kg]{ xf] Tolt gePsf]] atfpg'eof] .
pkl:yt ;flxTok|]dLx?n] syfsf/ lu/LnfO{ pxfFsf] syfsf af/]df l6sfl6Kk0fL ug'{sf
;fy} k|Zgx?;d]t u/]sf lyP .
sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj ug'{x'g] slj x]dGt >]i7n] cfkm"x?n] g]kfndf ljqmd
;Djt\ @)#* ;fnb]lv x/]s r}q !( ut]nfO{ syf lbj;sf ?kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf]
;+emgf ub}{ g]kfnL ;flxTosf If]qdf cfkm\gf ;dsfnLg ;flxTosf/ uf]ljGb lu/Ln]
ug'{ePsf] of]ubfgsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{eof] .
slj >]i7n] jfl;+ª6g 8L;Ldf ;d]t o; k|sf/sf] ;flxlTos sfo{qmddf ;xefuL
x'g cfpg]x?sf] ;+Vof b]v]/ cfkm" Hofb} xl;{t ePsf] atfpg'eof] .
sfo{qmddf csf{ ;flxTosf/ k|]d ;+u|f}nfn] o:tf k|sf/sf sfo{qmd ;do ;dodf ul//xg'kg]{
;'emfj lbg'ePsf] lyof] eg] a;Gt >]i7n] uf]ljGb lu/Lsf] syf n]vgsf af/]df
k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] ;+rfng ho 5f+Ë5fn] ug'{ePsf] lyof]
.
8L;L j/k/sf ;flxTok|]dLx?sf] ljz]if hd36 /x]sf] pQm sfo{qmd dfpG6 Pe/]i6 /]:6'/]G6
jfl;ª\6g 8L;Ldf ul/Psf] lyof] .
clegGbgsf lbg sf]zL-d]rL aGb ul/g]
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;ª6g 8L;L, l8;]Da/ @$, @))@
;w}+ h:tf] aGb} aGb lx+;f / sf6df/af6 cflht ePsf g]kfnLx?n] n] k'gM csf]{ aGbsf]
;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . jftf{sf s'/fx? klg cfO/x]s} a]nf ptf dfcf]jfbLx?n]
cfkm\gf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ klg Tolts} z;Qm n}hfg] tof/Ldf nfu]sf b]lvG5g\ o;}sf]
kmn:j?k cfp+bf] kmfu'g ! / @ ut] cyf{t\ km]j|'c/L !# / !$ tfl/vsf lbg k'gM dfcf]jfbLx?n]
g]kfn aGb ug]{ ePsf] 5g\ .
pQm s'/f g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_sf cWoIf k|r08 / ;o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\s,
g]kfnsf ;+of]hs afa'/fd e§/fO{sf] x:tfIf/o'Qm k'; * ut], l8;]Da/ @# tfl/v
k|]lift Od]n lj1lKtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
aGb sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu pgLx?n] oxL k'; bz ut]b]lv ljljw sfo{qmd
ub}{ cfp+bf] k'; !( ut] d]rL-sf]zL aGb ug]{ ePsf 5g\ . pQm lbg lj/f6gu/df zfxL
clegGbgsf] sfo{qmd /flvPsf] lbg k/]sf] 5 .
uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg To;}u/L cGo dfux?df zfxL
;]gf lj36g ul/ /fli6"o ;]gf lgdf{0f u/, b]zJoflk zfxL ;}lgs :j]t cft+s
/ g/ ;+xf/ aGb u/, ;Dk"0f{ o'4 jlGbx?sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs u/, hflto tyf If]lqo
cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ / :jzf;gsf] Uof/]G6L u/, ;a} hg jlu{o ;+u7gx?sf hfoh dfux?
t'?Gt k"/f u/ b/jf/ leq / aflx/sf ;a} e|i6rf/Lx?nfO{ ;Vt sf/jfxL u/, ;fdflGt
lg/+s'ztfjfbL ;QfnfO{ s'g} klg s/ dx;'n glt/f}+ nufotsf !! dfu pgLx?n] /fv]sf
5g\ .
g]kfn aGb cl3 pgLx?n] ljleGg k|sf/sf cGo sfo{qmdx? ;d]t /fv]sf] s'/f cfkm\gf]
lj1lKtdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .
ptf ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\ g]kfn, afudtL-gf/fo0fL ;+of]hg ;ldlt / g]jfM
vn, tfdfª /fli6"o d'lQmdf]rf{sf] cfof]hgfdf oxL k'; !$ / !% ut] l8;]Da/
@( / #) tfl/vsf b'O{ lbg] afudtL / gf/fo0fL aGbsf] 3f]if0ff o;cl3 g} ul/;s]sf]
;dfrf/ k|sfzdf cfO;s]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sfdf g]kfnL ;]gfgLsf] d[To' gePsf] hfgsf/L
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L, l8;]Da/ @), @))@
g]kfn Go'h 86sdn] cd]l/sL b"tfaf;nfO{ pb[t ub}{ z'qmaf/ k|sflzt u/]sf]
cfkm\gf] ;dfrf/df cd]l/sfdf k|lzIf0fdf /x]sf zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf Ps ;]gfgLsf]
-gfd gv'nfOPsf]_ k|lzIf0fdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] lj:kmf]6s kbfy{ cfsl:ds ?kn] lj:km]f6g
eO{ d[To' ePsf] tYo ;Dk|]z0f u/]sf]df pQm ;dfrf/sf] k'i6L x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
pQm ;dfrf/df jfl;+ª\6g 8L;Ll:yt zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;sf ;}lgs ;xr/L
n]km\6]g]G6 s0f]{n ljh]Gb| uf}tdnfO{ pb[t ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnLkf]i6n] ;}lgs ;xr/L uf}td;Fu ;Dks{ ubf{ g]kfn Go'hdf cfPsf] ;f] ;dfrf/df
cfkm\gf] gfd s;/L cfof] eGg] cfkm"nfO{ s'g} hfgsf/L gePsf] atfpg'eof] .
;fy} pxfFn] To:tf] s'g} ;]gfgLsf] xfn;fn cd]l/sfdf d[To' gePsf] klg g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{
atfpg'ePsf] 5 .
ut d+unaf/ g]kfnuGhl:yt km'n6]qmf Aof/]sdf sfo{/t d]h/ ;'/]z cfrfo{sf] Aof/]sb]lv
glhs} /fKtLkf/L k'Ug gkfp+b} cfkm}n] af]s]sf] ad lj:kmf]6 ePkl5 pkrf/sf nflu
c:ktfndf k'¥ofPsf] s]xLa]/d} d[To' ePsf ;]gfgL eg] cfkm\gf] ;f9'efOsf] efO
/x]sf] uf}tdn] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ z'qmaf/ atfpg'eof] .
PDg]i6Lsf] l/kf]6{ k|sflzt
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L l8;]Da/ @), @))@
 dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+:yf PDg]i6L OG6/g]zgn] g]kfndf ut jif{sf] gf]e]Da/df g]kfn
;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLaLrsf] jftf{ e+u ePotf g]kfndf dfcf]jfbL tyf ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
u/L hDdf $ xhf/ # ;o hgfsf] d[To" ePsf] s'/f n08gl:yt PDg]i6Ln] k|sflzt
u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf hgfPsf] 5 .
ljxLaf/ k|sflzt u/]sf] pQm k|ltjb]gsf cg';f/ dfcf]jfbLx?n] cf7 ;o ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
xTof u/]sf] 5 eg] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 klg sof}+ ;j{;fwf/0fsfsf] xTof ug'{sf ;fy}
;of}+ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ u}/ Goflos ?kn] dfl/Psf] s'/f k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . To;}u/L
ptf dfcf]jfbLx?n] klg ;of}+ lgbf]{z gful/sx?nfO{ ckx/0f / dfg'{sf ;fy} afnaflnsfx?nfO{
;d]t o'4df ;fd]n u/fPsf] s'/f klg PDg]i6Ln] cfkm\gf] k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf]
5 .
sf7df8f}+l:yt o'/f]lkog o'lgog ;d'xn] g]kfnsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] l:yltsf af/]df
lrGtf u/]s} ef]lnkN6 k|sflzt PDg]i6Lsf] of] k|ltj]bgn] o;cl3 g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf]
If]qdf slxNo} klg olt lrGtfhgs cj:yf g/x]sf] s'/f PDg]i6Ln] hgfPsf] 5 .
xfn}dfq cd]l/sL ;xfos ljb]zdGqL lqml:6gf /f]sfn] g]kfn e|d0fsf cj;/df g]kfnsf]
dfgjclwsf/sf af/]df ljz]if lrGtf JoQm ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
o;/L g]kfnsf] dfgjclwsf/ ljsf;sf nflu /fli6o cGt/f{li6o lrGtf JoQm eO/xFbf klg
;g\ !((^ b]lv b]lvPsf] dfcf]jfbL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu zflGtk"0f{ jftf{sf]
;+s]t eg] cem} gb]lvg' g]kfnLx?sf] nflu b'Mvsf] s'/f eO/x]sf] 5 .
kfgLhxfhdf g]kfnL d[ts cj:yfdf
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª\6g 8L;L l8;]Da/ !*, @))@
c/j /fi6|af6 d]lS;sf] vf8L x'Fb} cd]l/sftkm{ cfO/x]sf] kf]nfl/; :6f/ gfds hxfhdf
sfo{/t Ps g]kfnLsf] hxfhd} d[t cj:yfdf nf; km]nf k/]sf] 5 .
d[ts l;l;axfb'/ tfdfª jif{ #@ sf] 3/ wflwªl:yt bf/vf @ ePsf] s'/f
pQm kf]nfl/; :6f/ hxfhn] jfl;+ª6g 8L;Ll:yt zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;df
hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 .
d[ts l;l;axfb'/ tfdfª d]lS;sf] vf8Lfdf cfO/x]sf] hxfhd} d[t cj:yfdf km]nf
k/]sf] / pQm hxfh e]nf OG6/g]zgn d]l/g lnld6]8n] ;~rfng u/]sf] xf] . tfdfªsf]
d[To' ut gf]e]Da/ !) d} ePsf] eP klg e/v/}dfq d]lS;sf]sf] vf8Laf6 nf;nfO{ x]lnsK6/dfkm{t\
nfkmf];{ k]l/; n'lhofgfdf nluPsf] / ToxfFaf6 d[tssf] nf; l8;]Da/ !% cfOtaf/
sf7df8f}+ rnfg ul/Psf] / nf; l8;]Da/ !* df g]kfn k'Ug] s'/f klg zfxL g]kfnL
/fhb"tfaf;sf k|yd ;lrj s[i0frGb| cof{nn] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'ePsf]
5 .
d[To'sf] sf/0f eg] cem} k|:6 x'g g;s]sf] / o;sf af/]df b"tfaf;n] yk hfgsf/L
lnO/x]sf] s'/f cof{nn] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ atfpg'eof] . To;}u/L d[tssf kl/jf/n]
kfpg] Ifltk"lt{sf af/]df klg b"tfjf;n] ;f]lwvf]hL ug{ yfln;s]sf] /
d[tsf] kl/jf/k|lt xflb{s ;dj]bgf b"tfaf;n] k|s6 u/]sf] 5 .
cfunfuL kLl8tx?sf] ;xof]usf nflu cfu|x
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª\6g 8L;L, l8;]Da/ !^, @))@
ut ;ftf k"jL{ g]kfnsf] t]x|y'd lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd Dofª\n'ª ahf/df
ePsf] eLif0f cfunfuLaf6 kLl8tx?sf] p4f/sf nflu cd]l/sfsf] jfl;+ª\6g 8L;Ldf
/x]sf] ;+:yf cd]l/sf g]kfn ;f];fO6Ln] ;xof]usf nflu cd]l/sfaf;L g]kfnLx?sf ;fy}
cd]l/sf tyf Sofgf8fdf /x]sf g]kfnL ;+3 ;+:yfx?;Fu cfu|x u/]sf] 5 .
cfunfuLaf6 kLl8tx?nfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u k'/\ofpg] p2]Zon] z'? ul/Psf] o; sfo{sf
nflu cd]l/sfsf tyf Sofgf8fsf ljleGg /fHodf /xg'ePsf g]kfnLx?n] ;s];Dd rfF8f]eGbf
rfF8f] hlt ;lsG5 ;f]xL cg'?k cd]l/sf g]kfn ;f];fO6L, jfl;ª6g 8L;Lsf sf]iffWoIf
8Da? clwsf/L ANS Treasurer, 2008 North Daniel Street, #103 Arlington, VA 22201,
USA df jf ;g 6":6 a}+ssf] vftf g+= )))) @@))) *@&@ df hDdf u/L ;xof]u
k'/\ofpg ;d]t pQm ;+:yfsf ;efklt /fh]Gb| jnLn] Ps k|]; lj1lKt k|sflzt ub}{ ;xof]usf
nflu cfu|x ug'{ePsf] 5 .
rf/ s/f]8 n'6]sf] :jLsf/
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L, l8;]Da/ !^, @))@
g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ dfcf]jfbLx?n] ut d+l;/ !( ut] nfxfg ahf/ cfqmd0f u/L ?=#
s/f]8 @% nfv %# xhf/, lhG;L- ;'g, rfFbL ;lxt %) nfv u/L hDdf s/La kf}g] rf/
s/f]8 / y|L-g6-y|L /fOkmn, ljleGg lsl;dsf k]:tf]n / af/af]/ -6L=eL=_ ;d]t ^)
eGbf a9L xltof/ tyf cGo o'4 ;fdu|L n'6]sf] s'/f pgLx?4f/f k|sflzt Ps jStJodfkm{t\
:jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
g]kfndf hgo'4 z'? ePotf b]lv g} ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ tyf cGo 7fpFx?df cfqmd0f
ub}{ / n'6\b} cfPsf dfcf]jfbLx?n] pQm nfxfg cfqmd0fsf lbg k|x/Ltkm{ # tyf zfxL
;]gftkm{ # u/L ^ hgf dfl/Psf] s'/f hgfPsf 5g\ eg] dfcf]jfbLtkm{af6 sDkgL ;]S;g
sdf08/ ;'emfj / csf{ Ps JolQm u/L b'O{ JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] s'/f klg pgLx?4f/f
k|sflzt lj1lKtdf pNn]v 5 .
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