|
;dfrf/ ;+If]k 
clen]vfno
Dffcf]jfbLx?4f/f ;/sf/nfO{ ;fpg !% ut];Ddsf] clN6d]6d lbP
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L, h'nfO{ @&, @))#
clxn] ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLx?aLr kqo'4 rln/x]sf] 5 o;} ;Gbe{df h'nfO{ @&, @))#
sf lbg k'gM ;/sf/sf] kqnfO{ hjfkmL kq k7fPsf 5g\ . g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ k|fKt pQm
hjfkmL kq ;a} g]kfnLx?sf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] nfu]/ h:tfsf] t:t} k|sflzt u/]sf
5f}+ .
ldlt M@)^).$.!!
>L jftf{6f]nL,
k'/fgf] ;QfkIf->L % sf] ;/sf/_
dfkm{t M ;xhstf{x?
ljifo M jftf{ k|lt Jojxfl/s k|lta4tf k|dfl0ft ug]{af/]
dxfzo,
k'/fgf] ;QfkIf ->L % sf] ;/sf/_ 4f/f ldlt @)^) >fj0f ( ut] k|]lift Æt];|f]
r/0fsf] jftf{ clanDj z'? ug{ k"gM cfu|x ul/Psf] af/]Æ ljifos kqsf]
;Gbe{df pbLodfg gof+ ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] jftf{6f]nLsf]
tkm{af6 lgDg adf]lhd k|To"Q/ k7fOPsf] 5, h;nfO{ k"0f{ lhDd]jf/Laf]w
/ u+DeL/tfsf;fy u|x0f ug{ cfu|x ul/G5 .
!_ ;j{k|yd, ;f] kq ;;{tL cWoogaf6 k'/fgf] ;QfkIf Úljifs'Ddd\ kof] d'vd\Ú
sf] z}nLdf uxg\ /fhg}lts k|Zgx?nfO{ cd"t{ / lrKnf Újftf{Ú
sf] s'/fn] 5f]k]/ hg;d'bfodf e|d 5g]{ / cfkm\gf] cfo' nDAofpg] b'ik|of;df nfu]sf]
;hx k'li6 x'G5 . xfdLn] ut @)^).$.& df k7fPsf] kqdf pNn]lvt gof+ r/0fsf]
jftf{ lglDt cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f;DaGwL s'g} klg k|Zgsf] :ki6 / v'nf
hjfkm glbO{ Psf]xf]/f] cf}krfl/s jftf{sf] 6]a'ndf a:g] /6 nufpg' To;}sf] cleJolQm
xf] . ljut 5 dlxgfdf jftf{nfO{ kl/0ffdd"vL agfpg] lbzfdf Pp6f l;Gsf];Dd
gef+Rg] a? ljleGg r/0fsf] jftf{df ePsf lg0f{ox?sf] 7f8f] pk]Iff / pNn+3g u/]/
jftf{nfO{ j:t'tM e+u ul/;Sg]x?n] clxn] cfkm'nfO{ jftf{sf] pu|kIfw/ b]vfpg] s;/t
ug'{eGbf 7"nf] lj8Dagf / kfv08 csf]{ s'g} x'g} ;Sb}g . ljz]iftM clxn];Ddsf]
o'4lj/fd / jftf{sf] k|lqmofdf ;aeGbf 7"nf] jfwssf] ?kdf /x]s]f k|dfl0ft
e};s]sf] b/af/, zfxL ;]gf / ltgsf ljb]zL dflnsx?sf] :t'tLufg Psflt/ / csf]{lt/
cd"t{ jftf{sf] cfJxfg Ps};fy ug'{sf] s'g} Jojxfl/s cy{ / cf}lrTo /x+b}g
. xfdLn] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ffb]lv jftf{6f]nL u7g, cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f / kfngf,
b'Zdg ;}lgs zlQmsf] 3]/fleq jftf{6f]nLsf] ;fj{hlgs/0f / dlxgf};Ddsf] v'nf pkl:ylt,
klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] 6]a'ndf g} cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts Ph]08fsf] lnlka4 k|:t"tL
cflbaf6 jftf{dfkm{t\ cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; vf]Hg] / b]zdf :yfoL zflGt axfnL
ug]{ Jojxfl/s k|lta4tf k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sfn] xfdLn] jftf{sf] u'?dGq c? hlk/xg'k5{
eg]/ zfob s;}n] eGg ;Sb}g . lsgls ;o arg eGbf Pp6f sd{ g} al9 anjfg\ x'G5 .
To;}n] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] ca Újftf{sf] lglDt jftf{Ú sf] kfv08k"0f{
s'/f ul//xg' eGbf jftf{ dfkm{t cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; / :yfoL zflGtk|lt Jojxfl/s
k|lta4tf k|dfl0ft ug{ cfjZos sbd t'?Gt rfnf];\ eGg] xfd|f] cfu|x 5 .
@_ cl3Nnf] r/0fsf] jftf{sf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog gu/L ;+:ff/df slx+ klg gof+ r/0fsf]
jftf{ x'g ;Sb}g . lsgls k'/fgf] lg0f{o gdfGg]x?n] gof+ lg0f{o dfG5g\ eGg] s'g}
Uof/]06L x'Gg . of] ljZj;gLotfsf] k|Zg ;fy;fy} cfwf/e"t g}ltstfsf] klg
k|Zg xf] . 4Gb Joj:yfkgdf cfk;L ljZj;gLotf / Go"gtd g}lts d"No dfGotfk|ltsf]
k|lta4tfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . t/ xfd|f] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df k'/fgf] ;QfkIFn]
lgn{Hh9+un] bf];|f] r/0fsf] lg0f{ox? d"VotM zfxL ;]gfsf] xs{tnfO{ :yfoL
Aof/]ssf] kf+r ls=dL= leq ;Lldt ug]{, s]Gb|Lo :t/sf o'4aGbLx?sf] l/xf ug]{,
a]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug]{ cflb, sfof{Gjog ug{ 7f8} OGsf/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
5 . clxn] c9fO{ dlxgfkl5 cfP/ hg;d'bfonfO{ e|d lbg tL lg0f{odWo] sltsf] ;Gbe{df
Æoyf;Dej rf+8f] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5Æ, Æu[xsfo{ e}/x]sf]
5Æ, Æt];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ;'lgZlrtf;+u} l/xf ul/g]5Æ OToflb
pwf/f] / cd"t{ cfZjf;g af+8g\ vf]lhPsf] 5 eg] zfxL ;]gfsf] xs{tsf] ;Gbe{dfÆ;]gfsf]
lhDd]jf/L / sfo{If]qnfO{ ;+s"lrt / ;Lldt t"Nofpg vf]Hg' /fi6"sf]
j[xQ/ lxtsf] kIfdf gx'g]Æ egL lg0f{onfO{ ;f]em} nTofpg] w[i6tf ul/Psf]
5 . ;aeGbf xf:of:kb / e|fds s'/f cl3Nnf] r/0fsf] lg0f{osf] sfof{GjognfO{ gof+
r/0fsf] …jftf{sf] ;'lgZrttf… ;+u zt{aGbL ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . gof+ r/0fsf]
jftf{ ;'lglZrttf kl5 k'/fgf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog x'g] xf]Og ls k'/fgf] r/0fsf]
lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogn] gof+ r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ xf] eGg] s'/f nf6fn]
klg a'em\g'kg]{ xf]Og / < hlt;'s} s'ts{ / em'6f] cfZjf;gsf] ;fxf/f lng vf]lhP
klg cl3Nnf] r/0fsf] jftf{sf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog gug'{ eg]sf] j:t"tM jftf{af6
knfog jf jftf{ e+usf] 3f]if0ff xf] . To;}n] t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] …;'lglZrttf…
lglDt bf];|f] r/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{ox?sf] k"0f{tM sfof{Gjog clgjfo{
Go"gtd k"j{zt{ xf] eGg] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] a'em\g Psbd h?/L 5 .
#_ k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] jt{dfg dGqLd08nsf] x}l;ot / clwsf/af/] kqdf bfaL ub}{ elgPsf]
5-Æ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #% cg';f/ dGqL kl/ifbdf sfo{sf/L clwsf/ lglxt ePsf]
x'+bf dfcf]jfbL;+u jftf{ ul/ lgisif{df k'Ug] / To:tf] lg0f{onfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{
;Dk"0f{ j}wflgs cfwf/, x}l;ot / clwsf/ >L % sf] ;/sf/df lglxt /xsf]
5 .Æ of] x'§L6\ofp+n] cfsfz yfDg] bfaL u/]h:t} xf:+of:kb s'/f xf]
. klxnf] s'/f t g]kfndf ;Dk"0f{ pTkLl8t ju{, hflt, If]q / ln+usf hgtfn]
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf] g]t[Tjdf ;+rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] o'ufGtsf/L hgo'4 ;of}+
jif{b]lv ;+rflnt x'+b} cfO/x]sf] k'/fgf] /fHo;Qf / To;nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ p;sf]
kl5Nnf] ;+ljwfgsf] lj?4 ljb|f]x xf] / To; cy{df k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] ;+ljwfgn] zf;s
ju{ sf s'g s'g tKsfx?nfO{ s] slt clwsf/ jf+8kmf+8 u/]sf] 5 eGg] xfd|f] k|ToIf
rf;f]sf] ljifo xf]Og . bf];|f] s'/f, ;fdfGotM @)%* h]i7 !( ut] sf] b/af/ xTofsf08b]lv
/ d'VotM @)%( c;f]h !* b]lv k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] ;Dk"0f{ kmf}hL tyf u}/-kmf}hL
zlQm /fhb/af/df s]Gb|Lt /x+b} cfPsf] 5 / dlGqd08n /fhfsf] …b]vfpg] bf+t…
dfq ePsf] ;f/f ;+;f/n] a'em]sf] 5 . jt{dfg jftf{k|lqmofs} s|ddf klg z'?sf] o'4lj/fd
3f]if0ff / cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0fsf] r/0f b]lv bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf lg0f{ox?
ug]{ / cGttM pNn+3g ug]{ k|;+u;Dd b/af/sf] kbf{k5fl8sf] e"ldsfn] lg0ff{os
sfd u/]sf] xfdL :jo+n] cg'e"t u/]sf 5f}+ . of] l:yltdf gof+ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f
/ zfxL ;]gf tyf /fh;+:yfsf] eljio lgwf{/0f g} tTsfn d'Vo Ph]08f /x]sf] jftf{
k|lqmofnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{;Dd k'¥ofpg /fhfsf] s7k'tnL dlGqd08nn] j:t'tM
s'g} ;fy{s e"ldsf v]Ng g;Sg] / To; lglDt /fhf :jo+sf] k|ToIf ;+nUgtf clgjfo{
x'g] :jtM :ki6 5 . To;}n] gof+ r/0fsf] jftf{ ;fy{s 9+un] cl3 a9\g Tof] eGbf
klxn] g} k'/fgf] ;Qfsf d'n gfos /fhfsf] l:ylt / e"ldsf :ki6 ?kn] 6'+uf]
nfUg' h?/L x'G5 . k/Gt' olt cxd\ k|Zgaf/] k"0f{ df}gtf ;f+w]/ kqdf æg]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& cg'?k / /fHo;+rfng e}/x]sf]Æ xf:of:kb bfaL
ug'{ / s7k"tnL Ú>L % sf] ;/sf/Ú n] ;a} lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg]
l8ª xf+Gg' /fhg}lts u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg / a]OdfgLsf] k/fsfi7f xf] . of] sltko
j[Qdf rrf{ eP em}+ xfdLn] jftf{ lglDt gof+ zt{ yk]sf] jf /fhfnfO{ ;ls|o agfpg
vf]h]sf] ge} ljut ^ dlxgfsf] jftf{k|ls|ofsf] cg'ejsf] lgrf]8 xf] / /fhfsf] kbf{k5fl8sf]
e"ldsfnfO{ kbf{aflx/ ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L Nofpg vf]lhPsf] dfq xf] .
$_ o'4lj/fd / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] af/Daf/ pNn+3g e}/xg' / jftf{k|ls|of bf];|f] r/0fkl5
j:t"tM e+u x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/stTj k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ x]g]{ ;j{yf
unt b[li6sf]0f / b]zdf u[xo'4sf] w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ :jLsfg]{ k|lta4tfsf] k"0f{tM
sdL xf], h'g >fj0f ( ut] k'/fgf] ;Qf4f/f k|]lift kqdf cToGt} e4f / gf+uf]
?kdf d'vl/t ePsf] 5 . ;f] kq b]zdf ;ft jif{ nfdf] u[xo'4 kZrft\ b'O{ ;dfgfGt/
;Qf / ;]gf ljBdfg /x]sf] / tL b'O{ aLrsf] /0fg}lts ;Gt'ng -Strategic
equilibrium_sf] cleJolQm :k?k jt{dfg o'4lj/fd / jftf{k|lqmof ;fd'Gg]
cfPsf] j:t"ut tYonfO{ 7f8} gsfg]{ w[i6tf ub}{ k'/fg} Ps ;Qf / Ps ;]gfsf]
sfNkgLs /6 nufpg] b'ik|of; ul/Psf] 5 . oxL d'Vo b[i6Lbf]z -jf k|lts[ofjfbL ;j{;QfjfbL
cx+sf/ <_-sf] kl/0ffd :j?k k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] zfxL ;]gfn] dfq b]zsf ;a} e"efudf
a]/f] s6f]s kl/rflnt x'g kfpg], p;n] v'n]cfd o'4;fdfu|Lsf] cfk"tL{ / o'4sf]
tof/L ug{ kfpg], htf;'s} gful/sx?sf] vfgtnfzL / w/ks8 ug{ ;Gg] t/ gof+ ;QfkIFsf]
hgd'lQm ;]gf rflx+ slx+ st} lx+88'n ug{g;Sg], p;n] cfjZos nlhli6ssf] cfk"lt{
;d]t ug{ g;Sg] / lgoldt ;}lgs ultljlw ug{ gkfpg] eGg] 3f]/ PskIfLo, cj:t"jfbL
/ if8oGqd"ns d'9fu|x k'/fgf] ;Qfsf 7]s]bf/x?n] ul//x]sf] k|i6 x'G5 . To;/L
g} k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] dfq} /fhsLo ;Qfdfly Psflwsf/sf] bfaL ub}{ b]zsf ;a} e"efusf
;a} gful/saf6 ljljw s/, dx;'n cflbsf] gfp+df anhkm\tL krf;f}+ c/j /sd ;+sng
ug{ kfpg] t/ gof+ ;QfkIfn] rflx gful/sx?Aff6 :j]lR5s rGbf ;xof]u ;d]t ;+sng
ug{ gkfpg] eGg] xf:of:kb bnLn ul/Psf] huhfx]/ 5 . k/Gt' o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff
/ @@ a'+b] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f b]zdf b'O{ ;Qf / b'O{ ;]gf aLr /0fg}lts ;Gt'ng
sfod /x]sf] w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ b'a} kIFn] k|s6 / ck|s6 ?kdf :jLsf/]sf] k|i6 cleJolQm
lyof] / bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] qmddf zfxL ;]gfsf] xs{tnfO{ p;sf] :yfoL Aof/]ssf]
% ls=dL= leq ;Lldt /fVg] lg0f{o To;} cjwf/0ffsf] lg/Gt/tf lyof] . cem} k|i6
zAbdf eGg'kbf{ …cfrf/;+lxtf… eg]s} lhnf ;b/d'sfd / 7'nf zx/x? k'/fgf]
;Qf / ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf / af+sL u|fdL0f Onfsf gof+ ;Qf / ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]
j:t"ut oyfy{nfO{ :jLsfb}{ cGtl/d cjlwe/ Tof] oyfl:ylt -Status quo_ sfod
ug{ agfOPsf] b'a}kIfn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ lgodfjnL xf] . gof+ ;QfkIf / hgd'lQm ;]gf4f/f
Psfw kl/l:ylthGo ckjfb afx]s cfrf/;+lxtfsf] clxn];Dd cIf/;M kfngf ul/b}+ cfPsf]
5 eg] k'/fgf] ;QfkIf / p;sf] zfxL ;]gfn] z'?b]lv clxn];Dd lg/Gt/ ?kdf cfrf/;+lxtfsf]
cGto{df /x]sf] b'O{ ;Qf / b'O{ ;]gfsf] w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ gsfg]{ w[i6tf u/]/
cfrf/;+lxtfsf] xhf/f}+ k6s pNn3+g e};s]sf] 5 . ha o'4lj/fd / cfrf/;+lxtfsf]
d"n j}rfl/s k|:yfkgfnfO{ g} c:jLsf/ ul/G5 eg] ltgsf] pNn3+gsf] ;+VofTds
u0fgfsf] s'g} cy{ / dxTj g} /x+b}g . o;} ;Gbe{df xfdLn] cfkm\gf] lgoGq0fsf]
Onfsfdf lgoldt ;Qf;+rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf u/]sf ck/flws tTjx?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug]{ nufotsf
sfjf{xLx?nfO{ ;d]t …cfrf/;+lxtf pNn+3g… sf] ?kdf unt 9+un] k|:t"t
u/]/ e|d l;h{gf ug]{ h'g b'ik|oTg e}/x]sf] 5 To;sf] v08g ul//xg'kb{5 eGg] xfdLnfO{
nfUb}g, lsgsL Tof] Pp6f ;xha'l4sf] s'/f xf] / To;nfO{ cfd hg;d'bfon] /fd|/L
cfTd;ft ul/;s]sf 5g\ . km]/L klg o'4lj/fd / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] cg'udg ug{ lgikIf
cg'udg6f]nLsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fdf xfdL k|lta4 5f}+ / To;sf] lgu/fgLdf /xg xfdL
;w}+ tof/ 5f}+ . To;}n] oxf+ d'Vo s'/f b]zdf b'O{ ;Qf / b'O{ ;]gfsf] w/ftnLo
oyfy{nfO{ :jLsfb}{ k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] ;Dk"0f{ /fhsLo ;Qfdflysf] Psflwsf/sf]
bfaL / zfxL ;]gfsf] ;z:q an / ultljlwdflysf] k/Dk/fut Psflwsf/sf] e|dk"0f{
bnLnnfO{ k"0f{tM vf/]h u/]/dfq b]zdf jt{dfg 4Gbsf] ;dfKtLlglDt ;fy{s jftf{k|ls|of
cufl8 a9\g;S5, cGoyf rsf{ jftf{sf s'/fsf] s'g} tflTjs cy{ /x+b}g eGg] g} xf]
. To;sf] lglDt zfxL ;]gf t'?Gt p;sf] Jof/]sdf kmls{g'k5{ / ;a} r/0fsf jftf{sf
lg0f{ox?nfO{ k"0f{tM / lgMzt{ kfngf ug]{ ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tf p;n] JoQm ug'{kb{5
eGg] xfdL hf]8 lbP/ bf]xf]¥ofpg rfxG5f}+ .
%_ kqdf zfxL ;]gfsf] slyt …uf}/jdo Oltxf; / k/Dk/f… sf] hlt;'s} rsf]{
:t'tLufg ul/P klg Tof] k"0f{tM e|fds / c;To xf] eGg] ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL
hgtf / ;f/f ljZjnfO{ yfxf 5 . jt{dfg …>L % sf] ;/sf/… nfO{ cfkm\gf]
s'g} lgoGq0fdf g/x]sf] zfxL ;]gfsf] kmf];|f] u'0fufg u/]/ ;Qfsf] s";L{df
l6ls/xg] k|oTg ug'{sf] jfWotf hf]s;}n] a'em\g ;S5, t/ Oltxf;l;4 tYo of] xf]
ls s'Voft ;'uf}nL ;GwLsf] a]nfb]lv zfxL ;]gfsf] d"n rl/q xd]zf jfXo?kdf
ljb]zL zlQmsf] bnfnL / cfGtl/s ?kdf lg/+s'ztfjfbsf] kIfkf]if0f /x+b} cfPsf]
5 . sf]tkj{b]lv gf/fo0flx6L kj{;Dd zfxL ;]gfn] ;w} b/af/leqsf] klg ljb]zL bnfn
tTjsf] kIfdf /fHo-ljKna ug{ dbt ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] ;q;fnb]lv clxn];Dd p;n]
;Lldt ;+;bLo ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] ;d]t lj/f]wdf k|lts|flGtsf/L xs{t ub}{ cfO/x]sf]
5 . of] eGbf 7'nf] Úuf}/jdo Oltxf; / k/Dk/fÚ c? s] x'g ;S5 <
To;/L g} k|]lift kqdf ;uj{ :jLsfl/Psf] 5 -Æ;]gfsf] k|efjsf/Ltfsf] clea[l4
Pj+ cfw'lgsLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ljut rfln; jif{b]lv ef/t, ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, ;+o'Qm
/fHo cd]l/sf nufot ljleGg ldq /fi6"x?af6 zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;}lgs ;xof]u
k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .Æ k/Dk/fut ?kdf ef/t / ;+o'Qm clw/fHosf] ef}lts /
j}rfl/s k|efj / lgb]{zgdf zfxL ;]gf /x+b} cfPsf] s'/f huhfx]/ 5 . t/ s]lx ;do
otfsf] ;j{yf gof+ / u+DeL/ s'/f s] xf] eg] cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ljZj k|e'Tj
sfod ug]{ / ef/tdfly lgu/fgL /fVb} rLgnfO{ 3]g]{ If]qLo ;fdl/s of]hgf cGtu{t
g]kfndf cd]l/sL ;}lgs cv8f lgdf{0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf slyt cft+sjfbsf] lj/f]wsf]
gfp+df …zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf… nfO{ g} ;'Id9+un] …zfxL cd]l/sL ;]gf…
df kl/0ft ug]{ cleofg tLj| ?kdf ;+rflnt e}/x]sf] 5 . xfn} ;DkGg slyt k|lt-cft+sjfbL
kf+r jif]{ ;Demf}tf, cd]l/sL ;}lgs ;xof]unfO{ o; jif{ bf]Aa/ j[l4 u/]/ em08}
rf/ c/a ?lkof+ k'¥ofpg] 3f]if0ff, …:k];n kmf];{… sf] lgdf{0f /
tflndsf] gfp+df b]z}e/ ;of}+ cd]l/sL ;}lgs ;Nnfxsf/ / ljz]if1x?sf] ;lqmotf cflbn]
zfxL ;]gf cd]l/sL s7k'tnL ;]gfdf ?kfGt/0f x'b} uO/x]sf] s'/fdf s'g} z+sf /xGg
. of] ÆzfxL g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ s'g} Ps d'n's ljz]if;+u cfa4ul/ cf/f]lkt ug]{
w[i6tfÆ geP/ b]zelQmk"0f{ sf]0faf6 zfxL ;]gfsf /fi6"3ftL ck/fwx?sf]
tYo;+ut e08fkmf]/ xf], h;sf] tYo / ts{;+ut v08g ug{ xfdL k'/fgf] ;QfkIfnfO{
v'nf r"gf}tL lbG5f}+ . jt{dfg o'4lj/fd / jftf{sf] ;dodf g} cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb
/ zfxL ;]gfsf] nuguf+7f] emg sl:;b}+ uPsf] ;Gbe{df cd]l/sf;+usf] slyt k|lt-cft+sjfbL
kf+r-jif]{ ;Demf}tf tTsfn vf/]h gul/ / cd]l/sL ;}lgs ;Nnfxsf/ / ljz]if1x?nfO{
t'?Gt b]zlgsfnf gul/ zflGtjftf{ k|ls|of ;fy{s 9+un] cufl8 a9\g} ;Sb}g eGg] :jtM
:ki6 5 .
^_ jt{dfg o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{sf] k|d'v nIo / cf}lrTo g} cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;
dfkm{t o'uf}b]lvsf juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] ;dfwfg / /fli6"otf,
hgtGq tyf hghLljsfsf cfwf/e"t k|Zgx?sf] xn ul/ b]zdf zflGt / k|ultsf] 9f]sf
vf]Ng' xf] . To;sf] lglDt xfdLn] klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{df g} jt{dfg /fli6"o
tyf cGt/fli6"o zlQm;Gt'ngsf] ;fk]Iftfdf cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] Go"gtd
cGt/j:t' / ljlw jf k|ls|ofaf/] lnlvt k|:tfj k|:t"t ul/ ;s]sf 5f}+, h'g
uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ltg ;'qLo a'+bfsf] ?kdf hglha|f]df
;d]t ul8 ;s]sf] 5 . k/Gt' To;af/] clxn];Dd /x:odo df}g;fwg ub}{ cfPsf] k'/fgf]
;QfkIfn] kl5Nnf] kqdf o;/L cf+lzs d'v vf]n]sf] 5-Æcu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;
vf]Hg] s|ddf ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf] kl/lw leq /xL ;Dk"0f{
g]kfnLx? ;xefuL / ;dflxt x'g ;Sg] gof+ /fhg}lts ;+efjgfsf] vf]hL ul/g'kb{5 eGg]
s'/f k|lt >L % sf] ;/sf/ ;r]t /x]sf] 5 .Æ Tof] cd"t{ / /xZodo
Ægof+ /fhg}lts ;+efjgfÆ sf] ;f/tTj / ljlwaf/] Psflt/ s'g} 7f]; k|:tfj
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5}g eg] csf]{ lt/ z'?d} Æ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / ax'blno k|hftGqsf]
kl/lwÆ sf] k|lt aGwfTds rf}3]/f] af+w]/ slyt lgsf; j:t'tM oyfl:yltjfbL
jf k|ltufdL lgsf;dfq} x'g] k|ofKt ;+s]t lbOPsf] 5 . o'uf}+b]lvsf] ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbnfO{
;d"ngi6 u/]/ /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts x/]s If]qsf] k"0f{
k|hftfGqLss/0f b]z / hgtfsf] tfTsflns Go"gtd cfjZostf alg;s]sf] / To;sf]
cfh{g / /Iff ug]{ kmf}hL / u}/-kmf}hL ;fdYo{ cfdhg;d'bfon] ;+lrt ul/;s]sf] l:yltdf
casf] /fhg}lts lgsf; s'g} klg xfntdf oyfl:yltjfbL jf kZrufdL x'g} ;Sb}g / To;lglDt
s'g} k|ltufdL kl/lwsf] ;Ldflgwf{/0f hg;d'bfonfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g} ;Sb}g . To;}n]
zflGtjftf{nfO{ p2]Zod"ns / kl/0ffdd'vL 9+un] cl3 a9fpg] xf] eg] gof+ r/0fsf]
jftf{ k"j{g} k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts Ph]08f :ki6?kdf ;fj{hgLs/0f
ug{' clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 .
&_ b]zdf åGb/t b'O{ ;Qf / b'O{ ;]gf aLr sfod x'g k'u]sf] /0fg}lts
;Gt'ngsf] cj:yf / b]zsf] ljlzi7 e"-/fhg}lts l:yltsf] ;Gbe{df jftf{ dfkm{t\
cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; vf]h]/ /fli6"o :jfwLgtfsf] /Iff, zflGt / k|ultsf]
dfu{ k|z:t ug'{ b]z / hgtfsf] cfjZostf / rfxgf xf] eGg] dx;'; u/]/ g} xfd|f]
kf6L{n] ut ^ dlxgfb]lv o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{sf] OdfGbfl/tfk"0f{ / uDeL/
kxn ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] ;j{ljlbQ} 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{ cem} klg ;f] ljZn]if0f / zflGtjftf{k|lt
k"0f{ k|lta4 5 . k/Gt' ljut ^ dlxgfsf] cg'ejaf6 k'/fgf] ;QfkIf zflGtjftf{
dfkm{t\ cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;lglDt k6Ss} OdfGbf/ / uDeL/ 5}g eGg] j:t'ut?kdf
k'i6L e};s]sf] 5 . ljb]zL zlQmsf] v]nf}gf ag]sf] / cfkm\g} cfGtl/s cGt/lj/f]wdf
g/fd|/L km;]sf] k'/fgf] ;QfkIf vfnL cf}krfl/s jftf{sf] cd"t{ / rsf]{ kmnfsf]
nufP/ d'lQmsfdL hgtfsf] ljb|f]xnfO{ dTy/ kfg]{, cfkm\gf] ;Qfsf] cfo' nDAofpg]
/ leif0f k|lts|flGtsf/L o'4sf] tof/L u/]/ b]z / hgtfnfO{ dxfljklQsf] e8\vfnf]df
xfNg] d'v{tfk"0f{ b'ik|oTgdf nfu]sf] g} ;xh k'i6L x'G5 . of] l:yltdf xfdLn]
klxn]sf] kqdf k|:t't u/]sf t];|f] r/0fsf jftf{sf k"jf{wf/ ;DaGwL s'g} klg
s'/fx? k'/f gu/L cfkm' cd"t{ / c:ki6 9+un] pu| jftf{sf] kIfw/ b]lvP/ clxn];Ddsf
cfkm\gf jftf{ lj/f]wL xs{tx?dfly kbf{ xfNg] / hg;d'bfodf e|d 5g]{ p4]Zon] xfdLnfO{
cf}krfl/s jftf{sf] lglDt cfJxfg ug'{ ;§f k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] cfufdL @)^) >fj0f
!% ut];Dd lgDg cTofjZos k"jf{wf/x? k'/f u/]/ jftf{k|lt cfkm\gf] Jojxfl/s
k|ltj4tf k|dfl0ft u/f];\ / t'?Gt ;fy{s jftf{sf] lglDt pko'Qm jftfj/0f lgdf{0f
u/f];\ eGg] xfdL cfu|x ub{5f}+ M
s_ bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ePsf zfxL ;]gfsf] xs{t Aof/]ssf] % ls=dL=leq ;Lldt
ug]{, s]Gb|Lo :t/sf o'4aGbLx?nfO{ l/xf ug]{, a]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs
ug]{ nufotsf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog ul/of];\ .
v_ gof+ r/0fsf] jftf{df /fhf :jo+ ;+nUg x'g] cyjf cf}krfl/s jftf{6f]nLnfO{ cu|ufdL
/fhg}lts lgsf; nufotsf ;a} cfjZos ljifodf ;Demf}tf ug]{ clwsf/ /x]sf] / ;Demf}tfnfO{
k"0f{?k]0f kfngf ug{ cfkm' k|lta4 /x]sf] ;':ki6 / l4ljwf/xLt cleJolQm /fhfaf6
;fj{hlgs ul/of];\ .
u_ zfxL ;]gf4f/f cfrf/;+lxtf / ;a} r/0fsf jftf{df ePsf / x'g] ;a} lg0f{ox? lgMzt{
/ k"0f{tM kfngf ul/g] k|lta4tf ;fj{hlgs ul/of];\ .
3_ cd]l/sf;+u xfn} ePsf] slyt k|lt-cft+sjfbL kf+r-jif]{ ;Demf}tf vf/]h ul/of];\
/ ;a} cd]l/sL ;}lgs ;Nnfxsf/ / ljz]if1x?nfO{ b]zlgsfnf ul/of];\ .
ª_ k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] cu|ufdL lgsf;sf] /fhg}lts Ph]08f ;fj{hlgs ul/of];\
.
pk/f]Qm k"jf{wf/x? k'/f ePsf] v08df xfdL t'?Gt} t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df
a:g tof/ /x]sf] k|lta4tf hgfpb}+ sy+sbflrt\ pNn]lvt ldltleq ;f] k'/f gePdf k'/fgf]
;QfkIfn] PskIfLo ?kdf o'4lj/fd / jftf{ e+u u/]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg xfdL afWo x'g'
kg]{ hfgsf/L klg u/fp5f}+ .
==================
jfj'/fd e§/fO{
;+of]hs, jftf{6f]nL,
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_
cd]l/sfsf] e|d0f nfek|b /Xof]
k//fi6| ;lrj dw'/d0f cfrfo{
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L h'nfO{ @%, @))#
cd]l/sf / g]kfnaLrsf] lbkIfLo ;DaGw a[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] Ps ;ftfsf] cf}krfl/s e|d0fdf
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L cfOk'Ug'ePsf k//fi6| ;lrj dw'/d0f cfrfo{n] cfkm\gf] e|d0f
cToGt nfek|b ePsf] s'/f atfpg'eof] .
cd]l/sfaf6 g]kfn kms{g' cl3 g]kfnLkf]i6;Fu s'/f ub}{ pxfFn] eGg'eof], of] e|d0f
b'O{ b]zaLrsf pRr clwsf/Lx?sf] e|d0fsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ lznlznfdf ePsf] xf]
. cfkm"n] g]kfnsf] k|d'v cfly{s Ph]08f ag]sf] g]kfnL tof/L kf]zfsnfO{ cd]l/sL
ahf/df s/ tyf sf]6fd'Qm k|j]z u/fpg] ljw]ossf af/]df cd]l/sL l;g]6/ / s+u|];Dofgx?;Fu
s'/fsfgL u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .
z'qmaf/ :jb]z kms{g'cl3 cd]l/sL l;g]6/ 8fOgkmfOG;6fOg;+u e]6df l;g]6/ 8fOgkmfOG;6fOgn]
tof/L kf]zfs ;DaGwL 6|]8 aLn cufl8 a9fpg] cfZjf;g lbPsf] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L klg
g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ pxfFn] lbg'eof] .
csf]{ d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] g]kfnnfO{ ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gdf g]kfnsf] -8An" 6L
cf_] df k|j]z ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;dy{g h'6fpg] k|of;sf nflu
klg xfdL cfPsf xf}+ / To;df klg cd]l/sLx?sf] wf/0ff ;sf/fTds kfPsf] s'/f atfpg'eof]
.
cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfo;Fusf JolQmx?;Fusf] 5nkmn ;sf/fTds /x]sf] atfpFb}
pxfFn] cufl8 eGg'eof], oxfFsf s]xL l;g]6/x?n] ltAj]ltogx?sf af/]df rf;f] b]vfPsf
lyP / To;;DaGwdf >L % sf] ;/sfsf] wf/0ff k|i6 kfl/;s]sf 5f} eGb} cfpFbf lbgdf
o; sf/0fn] s'g} Jojwfg pTkGg x'Fb}g eGg] cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] hfgsf/L klg
pxfFn] lbg'eof] .
e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf ;DaGwdf ;d]t s]xL s'/f eof] ls eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf
;lrj cfrfo{n] eGg'eof], ljb]z ljefu blIf0f Pl;of k|d'v lqml:6gf /f]Ssf;Fu o;af/]
klg 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] / h;/L clxn] e"6fgL z/0ffyL{x?sf] juL{s/0fsf] sfd
eO/x]sf] 5 To;sf af/]df xfdLn] ;a}sf] ;xof]u rflxG5 eGg] s'/f /fv]sf] atfpFb}
To;k|lt klg cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] cfkm"n] kfPsf]
atfpg'eof] .
cd]l/sL ;/sfsf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tfsf af/]df s:tf] wf/0ff kfpg'eof] t
< eGg] k|Zgdf ;lrj cfrfo{n] eGg'eof], cd]l/sLx? g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfloTj
/ zflGt xf];\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . clxn] h'g zflGtjftf{sf] jftfj/0f eO/x]sf] 5 To;nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbP/ ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfgdf n}hfg'k5{ / zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfaf6} ;d:of
;dfwfg ug'{k5{ eGg] cd]l/sL ;/sf/sf] wf/0ff /x]sf] cfkm"n] kfPsf] atfpFb}
of] g]kfn / g]kfnLsf] ;d:of xf] To;}n] g]kfnLx? cfk;df ldn]/ ;d:of ;dfwfg u?g\
eGg] pgLx?sf] wf/0ff /x]sf] cfkm"n] kfPsf] atfpg'eof] .
o; e|d0faf6 xfdLn] s]xL lng] / lbg] eGbf klg g]kfn / cd]l/sfaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{
c? ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ n}hfg] / b'j} b]zsf] lxtsf nflu cufl8 a9fpg] ;DaGwdf ePsf]
s'/f cfrfo{n] atfpg'eof] . cfrfo{sf] e|d0f bndf g]kfn tof/L kf]zfs ;+3sf cWoIf
ls/0f zfvsf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
zfvn] klg ;lrj:tl/o o; e|d0faf6 g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfs Joj;fon] cd]l/sfdf ahf/
kfpg] ;DaGwdf ;sf/fTds pknAwL x'g] s'/fdf cfkm" lgSs} cfzfjfbL /x]sf] s'/f
atfpg'eof] .
h'g ltAa]ltogx?sf] s'/fnfO{ lnP/ cd]l/sL l;g]6/x?n] g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfs ;DaGwL
ljw]os cfpg /f]Sg nfu]sf lyP t/ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 cfpg] lbgdf o:tf] lsl;dsf]
uNtL gx'g] cfZjf;g lbPkl5 o; ljifodf s'/f ug'{kg]{ cj:yf g} ;[hgf gePsf] s'/f
pxfFn] atfpg'eof] .
k//fi6| ;lrj z'qmaf/ :jb]z kms{g] qmddf O08f]g]l;ofdf oxL h'nfO{ @( / #) tfl/v
x'g uO/x]sf] æPl;og clk|msg ;jl/hgn cu{gfOh]zg sGk|m]G;Æ df efu
lng To;tkm{ k|:yfg ug'{x'g] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
o;}aLr pQm e|d0f 6f]nLsf] ;Ddfgdf g]jf cu{gfOh]zg jfl;+ª6 8L;Ln] Ps /flqef]h
sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .
:yfgLo dfpG6 Pe]/]i6 /]i6'/]G6df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] pQm sfo{qmddf cu{gfOh]zgsf
dxf;lrj lqe'jg t'nfw/n] pxfFsf]x?sf] :jfut ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] k//fi6| ;lrj
cfro{n] gg /]l;8]G; g]kfnLx?sf] g]kfndf x'g uO/x]sf] ;Dd]ngdf ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
:jfut ub}{ cfkm\gf] cd]l/sf e|d0f nfek|b ePsf] atfpg'eof] .
To;}u/L sfo{qmddf cu{gfOh]zgsf ;efklt j]b k|wfg nufotsf cGo ;b:ox?sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt
/x]sf] lyof] .
tof/L kf]zfs ;+3sf cWoIf ls/0f zfvsf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf :yfgLo
;+3 ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;d]t pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
dfcf]jfbLsf] kqdf s] 5 <
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
h'nfO{ @#, @))#
s]xL ;docl3 ;/sf/af6 jftf{sf nflu dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k7fPsf] kqsf] jftf{ 6f]nLsf
;+of]hs 8f=afa'/fd e§/fO{n] cfˆgf] xfOsdf08sf] ;/;Nnfxfkl5 ;/sf/nfO{
hjfkm k7fpg'ePsf] 5 . h'nfO{ @# sf] ldltdf xfdLnfO{ k|fKt pQm kq xfdLn] clxn]sf]
kl/l:yltdf ;a}sf nflu plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 eGg] nfu]/ of] kqnfO{ h:tfsf]
t:t} xfn]sf 5f}+ .
ldlt M @)^).$.&
>L jftf{6f]nL,
k'/fgf] ;QfkIf ->L % sf] ;/sf/_
dfkm{tM ;xhstf{x? ;j{>L kb\d/Tg t'nfw/, bdggfy 9'uf+gf, z}n]Gb| s'df/ pkfWofo
/ s0f{Wjh clwsf/L .
ljifo M t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf k"jf{wf/x?af/] .
dxfzo,
k'/fgf] ;QfkIf ->L % sf] ;/sf/_ sf] tkm{af6 ldlt @)^).#.@( df k|]liftÆt];|f]
r/0fsf] jftf{ cljnDa z'? ug]{af/]Æ kq k|fKt eof] . ;f] kq / To; cl3 k'/fgf]
/ gof+ ;QfkIfsf k|ltlglwx? aLr ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s jftf{sf
kl/0ffdx? pk/ xfd|f] kf6L{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf cWoIf tyf hgd'lQm ;]gfsf ;jf]{Rr
sdf08/ s= k|r08sf] lgb]{zgdf xfd|f] jftf{6f]nLn] uDeL/ ;dLIff tyf lrGtgdgg u/L
t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf k"jf{wf/x? ;DaGwL lgDg adf]lhd k|To'Q/ k|]if0f u/]sf]
5 .
!_ b]zdf ;ft jif{ nfdf] eLif0f u[xo'4kl5 k'/fgf] /fhtGqfTds ;Qf / gof+ s|flGtsf/L
hg;Qf aLr sfod x'g k'u]sf] /0fg}lts ;Gt"ngsf] cleJolQm :j?k ut @)%( df3
!% ut] o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff ePsf] l56} 5 dlxgf k'Ub}5 . o; aLrdf o'4lj/fdnfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{ @@ a'+b] cfrf/;+lxtf tof/ ul/Psf] / jftf{ dfkm{t cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;
vf]Hg b'O{ r/0fsf] cf}krfl/s jftf{ ;DkGg ePsf] ljlbt} 5 . k/Gt' k'/fgf] ;QfkIf
/ ljz]iftM p;sf] zfxL ;]gfn] o'4lj/fd / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lg/Gt/ 7f8f] pNn3+g ul//xg'
/ bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df ePsf zfxL ;]gfsf] xs{tnfO{ Aof/]ssf] kf+r ls=dL= leq
;Lldt /fVg], s]Gb|Lo :t/sf o'4aGbLx?nfO{ t'?Gt l/xf ug]{, a]kQf kfl/Psfx?sf]
l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug]{ nufotsf lg0f{ox? cfhko{Gt sfof{Gjog gug'{n] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf]
jftf{k|ltsf] ljZj;gLotf k"/} u'Dg k'u]sf] 5 . emg} kl5Nnf] r/0fdf xfd|f]
jftf{6f]nL ;Dks{ sfof{nosf ;lrj e/t 9'+ufgf / jftf{ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;b:o 1fg]Gb|
lqkf7Lsf] sf7df8f}+d} ckx/0f / bf]nvf, vf]6fª nufotsf :yfgx?df xfd|f g]tf
tyf sfo{stf{x?sf] ckx/0fn] k'/fgf] ;QfkIf j:t't M jftf{ e+u ug{ / b]znfO{ k'gM
u[xo'4sf] e'+d/Ldf emf]Sg pBt 5 eGg] ;xh k'i6L x'G5 . of] l:yltdf d'VotM bf];|f]
r/0fsf] jftf{df ePsf lg0f{ox?nfO{ t'?Gt sfof{Gjog gu/]df k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] o'4lj/fd
/ zflGtjftf{ PskILfo ?kdf e+u u/]sf] / t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] s'g} cf}lrTo
g/x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg' afx]s xfd|f lglDt csf]{ ljsNk /x+b}/x+b}g .
@_ @)%* h]i7 !( ut]sf] b/af/ xTofsf08 nuQ}b]lv ck|s6 ?kdf / @)%( c;f]h !* b]lv
k|s6?kdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] ;+rfng gj3f]lift /fhf4f/f x'+b} cfPsf] ;j{ljlbQ} 5 .
;f] kl/k|]Iodf jt{dfg dlGqd08n jf >L % sf] ;/sf/ / To;4f/f ul7t jftf{6f]nLsf]
sfo{sf/L x}l;ot ;'Go a/fa/ /x]sf] :jtM :ki6 5 . o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ffb]lv bf];|f]
r/0fsf] jftf{sf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? nufot clxn];Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx?
kbf{k5fl8af6 /fhb/af/n] lgolGqt / lgb]{zg ug]{ t/ kbf{aflx/ clwsf/laxLg / lg/Lx
jftf{6f]nL b]vfkg]{ u/]sfn] g} jftf{ k|lqmofdf d'Vo uTofj/f]w k}bf ePsf] s'/fdf
s'g} z+sf 5}g . of] ;Gbe{df t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{nfO{ ;fy{s 9+un] cl3 a9fpg of
t /fhf :jo+ k|ToIf jftf{df ;+nUg x'g' k5{ jf /fhfn] cf}krfl/s jftf{6f]nLnfO{
cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; nufot cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ ljifodf ;Demf}tf ug]{ clwsf/
/x]sf] / ;Demf}tfnfO{ k"0f{?k]0f kfng ug{ cfkm' k|lta4 /x]sf] ;':ki6 /
l4ljwf/lxt cleJolQm ;fj{hlgs ?kdf lbg'k5{ eGg] xfd|f] b[9 dt /x]sf] 5 .
#_ o'4lj/fd / zflGtjftf{sf] d'n dd{ g} b'a} ;Qf kIfsf ;]gf o'4lj/fd k"j{sf]
cfcfkm\gf] lgoGq0fsf] Onfsfdf ;Lldt /xg], Pp6f ;]gfn] csf]{ kIfsf] lgoGq0fsf]
Onfsfdf ;z:q cltqmd0f gug]{ / ;]gfn] cfcfkm\gf] /fhg}lts g]t[Tjsf] lg0f{onfO{
lgMzt{ zL/f]wfo{ ug]{ xf] . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df o'4lj/fd k"j{sf] l:yltdf lhNnf
;b/d'sfd / 7'nf zx/L Onfsfx? k'/fgf] ;Qf kIfsf] zfxL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]
/ af+sL u|fdL0f Onfsfx? gof+ ;Qf kIfsf] hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] w/ftnLo
oyfy{nfO{ :jLsfb}{ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] rf}yf] a'+bfdf Æb'j} kIfn] ;+j]bgzLn
If]qdf Ps csf{df pQ]lht kfg]{ vfnsf ultljlw gug]{Æ eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf]
lyof] . k/Gt' k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] zfxL ;]gfn] z'?b]lv g} lg/Gt/ ?kdf b]zdf b'O{
;Qf / ;]gfsf] lhp+bf] jf:tljstfnfO{ 7f8} gsfg]{ w[i6tf ub}{ gof+ ;Qf / hgd'lQm
;]gfsf 3f]lift Onfsfdf cltqmd0f u/]/ Ps bh{g eGbf a9L JolQmsf] Hofg lng] b'isd{
dfq u/]g slyt …:jf:Yo lzlj/… sf] gfp+df htftt} 3';k}7 ug]{ b':;fx;
u¥of] / cfkm\g} /fhg}lts g]t[Tjn] k|:tfljt u/]/ bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{df
:jLs[t ePsf] kf+r ls=dL= ;DaGwL lg0f{onfO{ ;f]em} nTofpg] cf+6 u¥of] . /fli6"o
:jfwLgtf / ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] b[li6sf]0fsf] lx;fan] emg} uDeL/ s'/f s] xf] eg] o;
cjlwdf zfxL ;]gfn] ;of}+ cd]l/sL ;}lgs ljz]if1 / ;Nnfxsf/x?nfO{ b]zdf leq\ofP/
…zfxL g]kfnL ;]gf… nfO{ j:t'tM …zfxL cd]l/sg ;]gf… df kl/0ft
ub}{ nlu/x]sf] 5 / jt{dfg zflGtjftf{ t'xfP/ b]zdf ljb]zL s7k'tnL kmf}hL zf;g
yf]kg]{ eo+s/ if8oGq ul//x]sf] ;+s]t lbPsf] 5 . of] l:yltdf gof+ r/0fsf] jftf{sf]
lglDt cg's'n jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ zfxL ;]gfn] clxn];Ddsf ;a} jftf{ lj/f]wL xs{t
t'?Gt aGb u/]/ ;a} r/0fsf zflGtjftf{sf ;a} lg0f{ox? lgMzt{ / k"0f{tM kfngf
ug]{ ;fj{hlgs k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug'{kb{5 / b]zdf leqofOPsf ;a} ljb]zL ;}lgs ;Nnfxsf/
/ ljz]if1x?nfO{ t'?Gt b]zlgsfnf ul/g' kb{5 .
$_ cfh b]z / hgtfsf] j:t'ut cfjZostf / rfxgf …jftf{sf] lglDt jftf{…
geP/ …cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] lglDt jftf{… xf] . To;}nfO{ dWogh/
ub}{ xfdLn] ut a}zfv !$ ut] ;DkGg klxnf] r/0fsf] jftf{df g} b]zdf tTsfn ljBdfg
/fhg}lts zlQm ;Gt"ng ;fk]If cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf;sf] Go"gtd cGtj{:t'
/ k|ls|of jf ljlw ;DaGwL k|:tfj lnlka4 ?kdf k]z u/]sf lyof}+ . ljBdfg ckf+u
/ vRr8 /fhtGqfTds ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] ;§f k"+lhjfbL ax'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{
k"0f{tf lbg] ;f/tTj af]s]sf] / hgtfnfO{ Jojxf/tM ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg agfpg]
lalw uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;ef dfkm{t ;+:yfut ul/g] ;f] gof+
9+usf] k|hftflGqs k|0ffnL k|lt b]zsf] ;a} pTkLl8t ju{, hflt, If]q, ln+u ;lxt
cTolws hg;d'bfosf] Jofks ;dy{g /x]sf] s'/f o; aLrdf ljljw 9+un] k|:6 e};s]sf]
5 . k/Gt' clxn] tLg dlxgf laTgnfUbf klg k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] g t ;f] k|:tfjk|lt
s'g} k|ltls|of JoQm ug'{ cfjZos 7fg]sf] 5 g t cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 5'§} /fhg}lts
Ph]08f k|:t't ug]{ lxDdt u/]sf] 5 . a? gj3f]lift /fhfsf] nx8 / ljb]zLsf] bafjdf
km]l/O/xg] s7k'tnL ;/sf/sf] s";L{df a:g] JolQmx?n] JoQm / cJoQm efiffdf
slyt dfcf]jfbL ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]/ k'/fg} ;Qf cGtu{tsf] ;+;bLo r'gfj lgjf{w ;GkGg
u/fpg] dfq jt{dfg jftf{sf] ceLi6 /x]sf] eGg] cleJolQm a]nfs'a]nf lbO/x]5g\ .
b]zsf] jt{dfg /fli6"otf, hgtGq / hghLljsfsf] ;d:of ;of}+ jif{b]lvsf] /fhg}lts,
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] ;+/rgfTds ;+s6 / juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo
cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;d:of xf] / To;sf] lgbfg lglDt cu|ufdL /fhg}lts kl/j{tg / k|ultzLn
gof+ ;+ljwfg Go"gtd ckl/xfo{tf xf] eGg] s'/f pgLx?sf] egfO{ / u/fO{df sxL+
st} cleJoQm x'b}+g . of] l:yltdf csf]{ r/0fsf] jftf{ klg o'4sf] tof/L lglDt
;do lsGg] v]n dfq x'g]5}g eGg] s'/f Jojxfl/s ?kn] k|dfl0ft ug{ k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn]
gof+ r/0fsf] jftf{ k"j{ g} cfkm\gf] /fhg}lts l:ylt :ki6 ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L
ePsf] 5 .
%_ kmf}hL lx;fan] b]zdf k'/fgf] k|lts[ofjfbL ;Qfsf] zfxL ;]gf / gof+ qmflGtsf/L
;Qfsf] hgd'lQm ;]gfaLr 4Gb rln/x]sf] eP klg /fhg}lts lx;fan] tLgyl/ zlQmx?-k|ltudgsf/L
lg/+s'z /fhtGqjfbL zlQm, oyfl:yltjfbL ;+;bjfbL zlQm / cu|udgsf/L qmflGtsf/L
hgjfbL zlQm-aLr k|lt:kwf{ sfod /x]sf] s6' oyfy{ xf] . k/Gt' of] lqkIfLo 4Gbsf]
l:ylt clglZrtsfn;Dd sfod /xg' j}1flgs / Jojxfl/s b'a} b[li6n] ;Dej x'+b}g .
of t zflGtjftf{sf] dfWodaf6 tLg}yl/nfO{ dfGo x'g] Go"gtd cu|ufdL /fhg}lts
lgsf; dfkm{t\ of] 4Gbsf] tTsfn lgbfg x'g;S5 cGoyf oyfl:yltjfbL zlQm cGttM cu|udg
/ k|ltudgsf] lardf 6'ls|P/ af+l8g cyjf cu|udg jf k|ltudgsf] lsQfdf w|'jLs[t
x'g afWo x'g'k5{ . cfkm\g} ax';+Vos sfo{stf{ / ;dy{sx?sf] Jofks rfxgfsf] jfjh'b
;+;bjfbL zlQmx?n] ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t\ cu|udgsf] lbzfdf cl3a9\g u/]sf] cfgfsflg
/ oyfl:yltjfbdf 6f+l;O/xg u/]sf] s;/tn] klg jt{dfg jftf{ k|ls|ofdf uTofj/f]w
pTkGg ug{ sd of]ubfg u/]sf] 5}g . ;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] g]t[Tjsf] of] oyfl:yltjfbL
af+b/3'sL{ k'/fgf] ;Qfsf lg/+s'z /fhfjfbLx?sf] lglDt zflGtjftf{df cfn6fn ug]{
axfgfafhL dfq aGg k'u]sf] huhfx]/ e};s]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df ljutdf /fhfjfbL /
;+;bjfbL zlQmx?sf] ;+o'Qm cfs|d0f v]k]/ g} s|flGtsf/L hgjfbL zlQm clxn]sf] dha't
cj:yfdf ljsl;t ePsf] tYonfO{ :d/0f ub}{ b'a}yl/n] cfcfkm\gf] lx;falstfa l56}
km:of{}6 u/]df dfq} gof+ r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ;fy{s ;Defjgf /xg]5 eGg] xfdL k|i6
ug{ rfxG5f}+ .
^_ ;To ;w}+ 7f]; / d"t{ x'G5 . To;}n] k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] clxn];Ddsf] cd"t{
jftf{sf] k|nfksf] s'g} cy{ / dxTj 5}g . xfdL cem} klg jftf{ dfkm{t\ cu|ufdL
/fhg}lts lgsf;sf] kIfdf 5f}+ . b]zdf k'gM u[xo'4 rs]{/ ljb]zL ;]gfsf a'6 b]zeQm
g]kfnLsf 5ftLdf gah|'g eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ljz]if ;+j]bgzLn 5f}+ . t/, …zfxL
g]kfnL ;]gf… …zfxL cd]l/sg ;]gf… df kl/0ft x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ PSsfO;f}+
ztfAbLsf] leotgfdL d'lQmof]4f ag]/ k/f:t ug{ xfdL s[t;+sNk 5f}+ . cem} klg k'/fgf]
;QfkIfsf] xf]; v'nf];\ / bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog ug]{ nufotsf
pk/f]Qm s'/fx? t'?Gt k"/f u/]/ oyflz3| t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{lglDt cg's'n
jftfj/0f agf];\ eGg] xfd|f] cfu|x 5 . cGoyf k'/fgf] ;Qf / zfxL ;]gf4f/f cfrf/;+lxtf
/ bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf lg0f{ox? ljkl/t ul/g] xs{tsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ xfdL jfWo
x'g] hfgsf/L klg o;};fy u/fp+b5f}+ . To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ kl/0ffdx?sf]
lhDd]jf/L k'/fgf] ;QfkIfsf] x'g] :jtM :ki6 5 .
-afa'/fd e§/fO{_
;+of]hs, jftf{6f]nL,
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_
ld;f}/L 6]sdf g]kfnL k|yd
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L, h'nfO{ @#, @))#
cd]l/sfsf] ld;f}/L /fHol:yt æsn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ªÆ df cWoog/t
g]kfn lrtjgsf e/t s8]nn] #=*^ Pe/]h u|]8 KjfOG6 NofO{ On]S6|f]lgS; OlGhlgol/ªsf]
Jof:rn/ n]endf k|yd eO{ :gfts pkflw u|x0f u/]sf 5g\ .
pQm s'/f ldhf}/L 6]s sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ªsf 8Lg 8f= ;f]lkmO sfgn] g]kfnL
kf]i6nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'ePsf] 5 .
e/t s8]nn] P8efG; n]en sf7df8f}+l:yt a'8flgns07df ;s]sf x'g\ . s8]nnfO{ g]kfnL
kf]i6sf tkm{af6 ;d]t xflb{s jwfO{ .
k"j{ pkk|wfgdGqL tyf k//fi6| ;lrjnfO{ 8L;Ldf :jfut
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L, h'nfO{ @@, @))#
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
g]kfnaf6 cgf}krfl/s e|d0fdf cfpg' ePsf k"j{ pkk|wfgdGqL jfdb]j uf}td, k"j{
dGqL ljBf e08f/L Pj+ ;f+;b hfu[t k|;fb e]6jfn ;fy} ;/sf/L k|ltlglwd08sftkm{af6
8L;L cfOk'Ug'ePsf k//fi6| ;lrj dw'/d0f cfrfo{sf] ;Ddfgdf Jffl;+ª6g 8L;Ll:yt
cd]l/sf g]kfn ;f];fO6Ln] :jfut sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .
pQm sfo{qmddf k"j{ pk k|wfgdGqL jfdb]j uf}tdn] cfkm" cd]l/sL ;f];fO6L
/ cd]l/sL hgtfsf] hlxn] klg ;dy{g ug]{ ljrf/ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnLx?n] cd]l/sL
gful/sx?sf y'k|} s'/fx? l;Sg ;s] dfq g]kfnsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sg] atfpFb} pxfFn]
cufl8 eGg'eof], æcfkm" cd]l/sL ;dfh / d]xgtL cd]l/sL hgtfsf] ;dy{s
eP klg cd]l/sL k|zf;gsf] lj/f]wLÆ ePsf] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof] .
ljZjdf zflGt rflxPsf] a]nf cd]l/sf k|zf;gn] O/fsdfly u/]sf] cfqmd0fsf ;fy} ljZjsf
cGo /fi6|x?df u/]sf] k|ToIf ck|ToIf x:tIf]ksf/L cltqmd0fsf] cfkm"n] ;w}+
lj/f]w ub}{ cfPsf] atfpg'eof] .
o;} qmddf xfdL g]kfnLx? ;a} ldn]/ cd]l/sL k|zf;g ;dIf xltof/ tyf k};fsf] ;xof]u
gu/L tTsfn zflGt / dWo:ytfsf nflu ;xof]u ug]{ dfu ug'{kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof]
.
cfkm\gf] dft[e"ldeGbf w]/} 6f8f /x]/ klg g]kfnk|lt rf;f] / lrGtf JoQm ug]{
g]kfnLx? tyf g]kfnLk|lt dfof ug]{ ljb]zLx?sf] uf}tdn] k|z+;f ug'{eof] . :yfgLo
;u/dfyf 6]lnlehgn] dfpG6 Pe/]i6 gfd g/fvL ;u/dfyf g} gfdfs/0f u/L 6LeL sfo{qmd
;~rfng u/]sf] / g]kfnLkf]i6 86sdn] g]kfnLx? tyf g]kfn;DaGwL hfgsf/L ljb]zdf
;d]t km}nfpg ;kmn ePsf]df k|z+;f JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
To:t} >L % sf] ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 cd]l/sfsf] e|d0fdf cfpg'ePsf k//fi6| ;lrj
dw'/d0f cfrfo{n] klg ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnLx?n] ub}{ cfPsf] ;xof]u cfufdL lbgx?df
klg kfO/fVg] cfzf JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL cj;/df cfufdL cS6f]a/ !! b]lv
!$ ;Dd sf7df8f}+df cfof]hgf ug{ nfluPsf] ljb]zdf a:g] g]kfnLx?sf] -gg /]l;8]G;
g]klnh\_] ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu cd]l/sfdf /x]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ lgdGq0ff ;d]t
lbg'eof] .
;f] sfo{qmddf k"j dGqL ljBf e08f/L, zfxL /fhb"tfaf;sf pk lgof]u k|d'v
?b| g]kfn, g]kfn tof/L kf]zfs pBf]u ;+3sf ls/0f ;fvn] ;d]t cfkm\gf cfkm\gf ljrf/
JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf jfl;+ª6g 8L;Ll:yt a;f]af; ug]{ lbJo xf8f, 8f= lrqs[i0f
ltjf/L, l6sf k'g, x]dGt >]i7, j]b k|wfg / v]d e§rg4f/f ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx?sf]
hjfkm k"j{ pkk|wfgdGqL jfdb]j uf}td tyf k//fi6| ;lrj dw'/d0f cfrfo{n] lbg'ePsf]
lyof] .
8L;L l:yt dfpG6 Pe/]i6 /]:6'/]G6df ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf cltlyx?sf] :jfut cd]l/sf
g]kfn ;f];fO6Lsf ;efklt /fh]Gb| jnLn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
:d/0f/xf];\ ljz]if u/L pkk|wfgdGqL uf}td cfkm\gL 5f]/L k"j{ ;f+;b hfu[tk|;fb
e]6jfnsf k'q k|sfz e]6jfnsf ;fy a}jflxs sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/fpgsf nflu cd]l/sf cfOk'Ug'ePsf]
xf] .
k//fi6| ;lrj / /f]sfaLr 5nkmn
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L h'nfO{ @@, @))#
k//fi6| ;lrj dw'/d0f cfrfo{n] blIf0f Pl;of dfldnf;DaGwL ;xfos ;lrj s[li6gf /f]sf;Fu
;f]daf/ lbpF;f] o'P; l8kf6{d]G6 ckm :6]6 jfl;+ª6g 8L;Ldf e]6ug'{eof] .
/f]sf;Fusf] e]6sf qmddf cd]l/sf / g]kfnaLrsf ljleGg ljifodf s'/fsfgL ePsf] s'/f
8L;Ll:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;n] hgfPsf] 5 .
e]63f6sf cj;/df If]qLo / cGt/f{li6|o rf;f]sf ljifox?sf ;fy} g]kfndf ePsf] jt{dfg
/fhgLlts cj:yf, 8An' 6L cf]sf] af/]df, g]kfnL ufd]{G6nfO{ cd]l/sL ahf/sf nflu
8\o'6L lk|msf]6f lgz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] h:tf ljkodf ;d]t k//fi6| ;lrj / /f]sfaLr
s'/fsfgL ePsf] lyof] .
k//fi6| ;lrj cfrfo{n] cd]l/sL Jofkf/ k|ltlglw ;xfos /fhb"t O= c\of:nL;Fu
klg ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Jofkf/ k|ltlglw sfof{no jfl;ª+6g l8;Ldf ;f]daf/s}
lbg e]6 ug'{eof] . ;lrj cfrfo{n] g]kfnsf] 8Jn' 6' sf] dftfxtdf /x]/ ;+;f/sf]
Jofkf/df ;+nUgtf /fVg] k|ltj2tf hgfpb} cd]l/sL ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] lgof{t 8Jn'
6' df k'¥ofpg ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' ePsf] lyof] . h]g]ef
ldl6+udf ;DalGwt kIf;Fu ;Dej agfpg k|of; ug]{ lgs} ;Gtf]ifhgs s'/fx? klg b'O{
kIfLo 5nkmndf JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] . b'O{ kIfLo enfOsf] nflu ul/Psf] 5nkmn g]kfnsf
nflu pknJwLk'0f{ /x]sf] s'/f e]6kl5sf] k|]; lj1lKtdf hgfOPsf] 5 .pQm 5nkmnsf
;dodf b"tfaf;sf pk lgof]u k|d'v ?b| g]kfn / g]kfnL ufd]{G6 ;+3sf cWoIf
ls/0f ;fv klg ;xefuL x'g' ePsf]] lyof] .
Go'of]s{df g]kfnLx?n] h'n'; lgsfn]
g]kfnL kf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L, h'nfO{ @@, @))#
g]kfnL 8]df]qm]l6s o'y sfplG;n tyf Go"of]s{df /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] dfgjclwsf/jfbL
;+:yfsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf Go"of]s{df h'nfO{ @! Sf lbg Ps h'n'z k|b{zgsf]
cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
:yfgLo o'Pg kfs{ cufl8 cg'dlt lnP/ ul/Psf] pQm h'n';df %) hgf eGbf a9Lsf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] . h'n';kl5 lgof]usf /fhb"t d'/f/L/fh zdf{nfO{ 1fkgkq lbOPsf]
s'/f h'n'; cfof]hgfsf Ps ;b:o cfgGb lji6n] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'ePsf]
5 .
lji6sf cg';f/ g]kfndf /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] ut cS6f]a/ rf/sf lbg u/]sf] c;Dj}wflgs
sbdsf] lj/f]wdf pQm h'n'; lgsflnPsf] xf] . pQm lj/f]w h'n';n] o'Pgsf dxf;lrj
sf]kmL cfggnfO{ ;d]t g]kfnsf /fhfn] u/]sf] c;Da}wflgs sbdsf] lj/f]w ub}{ 1fkgkq
x'nfsdfkm{t\ k7fOPsf] 5 . To;}u/L g]kfndf ul/Psf] c;Da}wflgs sbdnfO{ t'?Gt ;Rofpg]
dfu /fVb} hlt;Sbf] rf8f] lgjf{rg u/fO{ hgtfsf] clwsf/ hgtfnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg'kg]{
s'/fdf cfkm"x?n] hf]8 lbPsf] / g]kfnsf kfFr /fhgLlts bnx?n] u/]sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{
;d]t xfd|f] k"0f{ ;dy{g /x]sf] s/f lji6n] g]kfnLkf]i6;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf
atfpg'eof] .
sf]nf]/f8f]df g]kfnLx?sf] e]nf o:tf] /Xof]
dgf]h cfrfo{
h'nfO{ !&, @))#
ut h'nfO{sf] klxnf] ;ftf cd]l/sfsf] kxf8L /fHo sf]nf]/f8f]n] g]kfn 5f8]sf w]/}
g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfˆg} dft[e"ldsf] ofb lbnfpg] sfd dfq u/]g, kxf8sf] prfO{
/ vf]+rx?df cfˆgf] dft[e"ldsf] ememNsf] vf]Hg ;d]t k|]l/t u¥of]
.
cd]l/sfdf /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;+:yf P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfnL Og
cd]l/sfh\ -PPgP_sf] jflif{s e]nf x'g] sfo{qmdcGt/ut{ cfof]lht ljljw sfo{qmddf
;xefuL x'g sf]nf]/f8f]sf] 8]ge/ k'u]sf g]kfnLx? ;a}n] sf]nf]/f8f]sf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{
glhs}af6 cfTd;fy u/] .
cd]l/sfsf Jo:t zx/x?df emg} Jo:t hLjg latfO/x]sf sltko g]kfnLx?sf nflu cUnf
uugr'DjL ejgx?sf] ;f6f] ufpFn] kl/j]z ;Fu}sf] 8fF8fsfF8f clg of] udL{ df};ddf
klg lxpFsf] y'k|f]n] cs}{ cg'e"lt u/fof] . sltnfO{ /sL dfpG6]gsf] cUnf]
r'r'/f]df k'Ubf n]sn] ;dfTbf cfkm" æxfO{ clN6Ro"8Æ df
x's]{sf] g]kfnL g} x}g ls eGg] cfefif u/fof] eg] sltnfO{ g]b/Nof08 eGg] :yfgsf]
tfnn] kf]v/fsf] km]jf tfnsf] ememNsf] u/fof] .
w]/}sf nflu PPgP e]nf Pp6f lgx'F dfq lyof] . sf]nf]/f8f]sf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ cg'e"lt
ug]{ / ;a} ljbf dgfpg] æd'8Ædf b]lvGy] / cGo /fHoaf6 k'u]sf clwsf+z
g]kfnLx? sf]nf]/f8f]sf] ;'Gb/tfnfO{ cfkm\gf] :d[ltdf /fVg rfx]em}+ b]lvGy] .
o;f] eGb}df PPgP e]nfsf] dxTj lyPg elg xfNg r}+ ldNb}g .
h'nfO{ $ / % df ;DkGg ;f] e]nfn] !% ;oeGbf a9L g]kfnLx?nfO{ sf]nf]/f8f]df e]nf
u/fPsf] lyof] . sfd ug]{x? sfdaf6 ljbf ldnfP/, ljBfyL{x? k9fOnfO{ Psl5g lal;{P/
clg Jo:t dfG5]x? Jo:ttfnfO{ kG5fP/ sf]nf]/f8f]df cfOk'u]sf lyP . cfof]hsx?sf]
cys d]xgt x'Fbf x'Fb} klg s]xL ;fgf dl;gf sdhf]/L afx]s cfof]hs kIfnfO{ bf]if
nufpg] 7fpF lyPg .
pb\3f6g sfo{qmd
sf]nf]/f8f]sf] dgdf]xs b[Zo x]g{ k'u]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{ efif0f ;'Gg] km';{b} ePg
To;}n] pb\3f6g ;df/f]x hDg ;s]g . To;kl5sf cGo ;fgf kmf]/dx?df ;flxlTos sfo{qmd
s]xL hd]sf] b]lvGYof] eg] cGo s'g} kmf]/dx?df s'/f ;'Gg] km';{b sd}n] lgsfn]
.
v]ns'b
cfof]hsx?n] pkl:ylt cltlyx?nfO{ Gofgf] cfltYo k|bfg u/]sf lyP . cf}krfl/s sfo{qmdx?
klg ;f]r]cg'?k g} /Xof] eGbf Tolt km/s gknf{ . e]nfsf] qmddf ljif]z u/]/ o'jfx?sf
nflu ;a}eGbf k|lt:kwf{Tds v]ns'b g} /xg] k/Dk/f cg'?k o;k6s klg km"6an
/ af:s]6ann] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] lyof] .
w]/}n] dxTjsf ;fy x]/]sf] km"6andf jfl;+ª6g 8L;Ln] cfˆgf] k|e'TjnfO{
sfod /fVb} pkflw xfl;n ug{ ;kmn eof] . nuftf/ t];|f] k6s pkflw xft kf/]sf] 8L;Lnsf]
lglDt To;sf] pTs[i6 v]nf8L lbks yfkf du/sf] e"ldsf pNn]vgLo /Xof] .
k|ltof]lutfsf] ;jf]{Ts[i6 v]nf8L lbksnfO{ ˆnf]l/8fsf nLu k"m6an v]nf8L
/x]sf k+shn] /fd|f] ;fy lbPsf lyP . k+sh of] k|ltof]lutfsf] x]g{ nfos v]nf8L
/x] . km"6an k|ltof]lutf 8L;Lsf] ;d"x pTs[i6 /x] klg ljjfb/xlt eg]
ePg . aflN6df]/ / af]N8/sf] ;+o'Qm ;d"x / ldlg;f]6faLrsf] ;]dLkmfOgn v]n
/]k|mL / v]nf8LaLrsf] ljjfbsf sf/0f ljjfbf:kb aGof] . cfof]hsx?n] aflN6df]/
/ af]N8/sf v]nf8Lx?nfO{ cg'zf;gxLgtfsf] cf/f]k nufP eg] v]nf8Ln] cfof]hsx?n]
clt/+lht e"ldsf v]Nb} cfkm"x?nfO{ cGofo u/]sf] atfP . l:ylt oxfF;Dd
k'Uof] ls aflN6df]/ / af]N8/ l6dnfO{ k|ltof]lutfaf6 lgisflzt u/]kl5 kmfOgn v]n
k|x/Lsf] pkl:yltdf ;~rfng ug{'k/]sf] lyof] .
ptf ljjfbljxLg k|lt:kwf{df 8fn;n] 8L;Lsf] Ps 5q /fhnfO{ ;dfKt ub}{ af:s]6ansf]
s]6ftkm{sf] pkflw xft kf¥of] . 8fn; k|ltof]lutfdf cfZro{do l6dsf] ?kdf ?kfGtl/t
x'Fb} pkflw xfFl;n ug{ ;kmn eof] . ;a}n] pkflw lhTg] k|jn bfj]bf/ dfg]sf] 8L;Ln]
bf];|f] :yfgd} lrQ a'emfpg'k/]sf] lyof] .
jf:tjdf 8fn;sf] cfZro{do hLtn] 8L;Lsf] km"6an / af:s]6an pkflw lht]/ æ8anÆxfl;n
ug]{ ;+efjgf ;dfKt ul/lbPsf] lyof] . dlxnftkm{sf] af:s]6andf eg] n; PGhn;n]
cfkm\gf] pTs[i6tf b]vfpFb} pkflw xft kf/]sf] lyof] . PnPsf] clGtd k|lt:kwL{
/x]sf] lyof] g]a|f:sf . b'O{j6f ;d"xsf] dfq ;xeflutf /x]sf] k'?if elnandf
cfof]hs 8]ge/n] ;kmntf xfl;n u¥of] . ;du|df v]ns'bsf k|lt:kwf{ ck]lIft u/]em}+
/f]dfGrs /Xof] .
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd
PPgP e]nfsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdn] æxfp;km"nÆ
kfpg' klg xf] . e]nfsf] clGtd sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;f] sfo{qmdn] g]kfnsf Vofltk|fKt
snfsf/x?nfO{ k|ToIf k|bz{gsf] df}sf dfq k|bfg u/]g, cd]l/sfdf /x]sf g]kfnLx?nfO{
tL ;h{sx?;Fu k|ToIf e]63f6sf] cj;/ ;d]t lbnfof] . e]nfsf] Tof] ;fFemsf nflu
g]kfnaf6 xfF:osnfsf/x? dbgs[i0f >]i7, xl/j+z cfrfo{ nufot /fds[i0f 9sfn,
gjLg s] e§/fO{ / s'GtL df]Qmfgsf] pkl:ylt lyof] eg] cd]l/sfd} /x]sf snfsf/x?
ddtf lbkljd, ;'wf+z' hf]zLn] bz{sx?nfO{ dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf lyP
. cfof]hsx?n] ylst bz{sx?nfO{ dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug]{ cys k|of; u/sf lyP . ljz]if
u/L dxsf] Jo+UofTds bf]xf]/L uLt / ;b}j kl/dfh{g x'g] !^ jif{cl3 klxnf] k6s
k|bz{g ul/Psf] n08g Po/kf]6{n] e/k"/ dgf]/~hg u/fPsf] lyof] . g]kfndf rrf{sf]
zLv/df /x]sL nf]s efsfdf uLt ufpg] s'GtL df]Qmfgn] o'jf k|f}9 ;a}vfn] bz{sx?nfO{
grfpg ;kmn eOg\ . æhxfF v'§f tfGb} u/====Æn] bz{sx?nfO{ g]kfnL
dgl:yltsf] cg'e"lt lbnfof] eg] ærf]nL /fd|f] kfNkfnL 9fsfsf]====Æ
uLtn] ;a}nfO{ grfP/ kfNkfsf] :d/0f klg u/fof] . sfo{qmddf s'GtL df]Qmfg /fd}|;Fu
hd]sL lyOg\ . pgsf] ;bfaxfb/ uLtsf] sf]6Ldf k|j]z u/]sf] ædfly dfly z}n'Ë}====Ædf
eGg] uLtn] ;a} pd]/sf ;d"xnfO{ hLp dsf{pg afWo kf/]sf] lyof] .
o'jf hutsf lk|o ufos gjLg s] e§/fO{nfO{ klg bz{sx?n] /fd|} ;fy lbPsf b]lvGy]
. pgsf] uLtdf ljz]iftM o'jfx? g} a9L /d]sf] b]lvGYof] . oBkL, e§/fO{n]
æ;fFem kv PsfGt====Ædf ufpFbf l5lKk;s]sf] ;fFemnfO{ k'gM /f}gstf
lbPsf] lyof] . efj's / uDeL/ uLtsf] kl/ro ag]sf /fds[i0f 9sfnn] pGd'Qm bz{sx?nfO{
efj's agfpFb} cfˆgf] k|:t'ltdf 8'jfPsf lyP . pgn] æcf]/fnL nfu]sf]
xl/0fsf] rfn===Æ=eGg] uLt ufpFbf k'/} xn u'Ghfodfg ePsf] lyof] .
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] ;a}eGbf v6\lsg] k|;+u /Xof] sfo{qmd ;~rfnssf] k|:t'lt .
s'g} ;do g]kfn 6]lnlehgsL ;dfrf/ jflrsf /lx;s]sL zl/tf u'?ª / hfnL ?dfn
h:tf lkmNddf gfos /lx;s]sf ;'wf+z' hf]zLsf] k|:t'lt clt g} bogLo /Xof] . sfo{qmddf
pkl:yt bz{sx?nfO{ pgLx?sf] k|:t'lt eft vfFbf 9+'uf e]l6Pem} ePsf] lyof] . pb\3f]ifsx?aLr
gt tfnd]n g} b]lvof] g t bz{sx?nfO{ afFlw/xg ;Sg] jfssnf g} b]vfk¥of] .
;fob\ sfo{qmdkl5 cfof]hsx?aLr klg sfo{qmd ;~rfnsx?sf] ;Gbe{df /fd|} rrf{ kl/rrf{
eof] xf]nf . Ps hgf bz{s ltvf] l6Kk0fL ub}{ lyP, of] t clt g} eof] .
PPgP e]nfdf s]xL uDeL/ k|j[lQsf sfo{qmdsf] klg cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;':s]/f
86sdn] lrqsnf, cltl/Qm g]kfndf lkmNd ;dLIfsx?n] /fd|f] / df}lns g]kfnL rnlrqsf]
;+1f lbPsf] g'dfkm'+usf] k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] . oL b'j} k|bz{gLdf bz{sx?sf] /fd|}
pkl:ylt /x] klg ck]Iffs[t /x]g . w]/} bz{sx?n] 8]ge/df ljbf dgfpg] ;fF]rsf ;fy
pkl:yt ePsfn] klg uDeL/ k|j[lQsf sfo{qmdx?df ;xefuL aGg] rf;f] b]vfPgg\ . ;':s]/f
86sdsf ;f]xg 9sfnsf] l6Kk0fL lyof], æo:tf sfo{qmddf ;[hgfTds sbdsf] dxTj
x'Fbf]/x]g5 . cfufdL lbgsf] nflu xfdLnfO{ ultnf] lzIff /Xof] .Æ
PPgP e]nf s:tf] /Xof] t < w]/}sf] hjfkm lyof], 8]ge/ / /sL dfpG6]g clt g}
;'Gb/ /x]5g\ . cyf{t\ w]/}sf nflu PPgP e]nf 8]ge/ / /sL dfpG6]gsf] cjnf]sg ug]{
Pp6f ld7f] lgx'F lyof] . /, pgLx?n] Tof] cj;/nfO{ r'Sg lbPgg\ . To;}n] t ToxfF
pkl:yt ;xefuLx?df /sL dfpG6]g pSnbf :ofF :ofF ePsf] 36gfn] /fd|} rrf{ kfof]
. g]b/Nof08l:yt s[lqd tfnsf] ;'Gb/tfsf] aofg /fd|} eof] . af:tjdf o; k+lQmsf/nfO{
klg 8]ge/sf] jl/kl/sf efu lgSs} ;'Gb/ nfUof] h;n] cfˆg} dft[e"ldnfO{
ememNsf] lbnfPsf] lyof] .
/S;L slt vfP
g]kfnLx? dfbskbfy{ ;]jg ug{df lgSs} cu|k+lQmdf 5g\ . o;sf] pbfx/0f ;f] e]nfdf
cfPsf g]kfnLx?n] dfq xf]6nsf] af/df /x]sf x/]s k|sf/sf dfbs kbfy{ vfP/ /]s8{a|]s
u/]sf 5g\ . xf]6n kl/;/d} /x]sf] b ufl;{ofh af/sf d]g]h/sf cg';f/ tLg lbgdf
g]kfnLx?n] dfq @! xhf/ 8n/ -g]kfnL !% nfv &% xhf/ ?k}ofF_ a/fa/sf] dfbs
kbfy{ ;]jg u/]5g\ .
o;} ljifodf g]kfnLkf]i6sf nflu ls/0f l;6f}nf;Fu 8]ge/sf k|x/Ln] eg], æolt
w]/} /S;L lkP/ klg olt eb| Jojxf/ ug]{ g]kfnLx? crDdsf x'Fbf /x]5g\ . hDdf Pp6f
;fdfGo 36gf dfq 36\g' t Hofb} crDd eof] .Æ ptf af/6]08/x? eg] g]kfnLx?
alS;; -l6K;_ lbg] hft klg /x]5 eGb} af/df cfPsf g]kfnL o'jtLx?sf] ;d]t pgLx?
lgSs} u'0fufg ufpFb} lyP .
cd]l/sfdf s[i0f k|0ffdLx?sf] e]nf
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L h'nfO{, !^, @))#
>L s[i0f k|0ffdL wd{ dxf]T;j !)* kf/fo0fsf] ut h'g @( b]lv h'nfO{ % ;Dd ljleGg
sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/L xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy 6]g];L /fHosf] g]l:endf dgfOPsf] 5
.
>L s[i0f k|0ffdL wd{sf wdf{rfo{ hutu'? !)* >Ls[i0fdl0f dx/fsf] ;d'kl:yltdf
;DkGg pQm wfld{s sfo{qmddf cGo ljleGg /fi6|af6 cfpg'ePsf wfld{s lj4fg ;Gt dxGt
tyf lxGb" wd{sf Ps xhf/eGbf a9L cg'ofoLx?sf] ljz]if pkl:ylt /x]sf] s'/f
8L;L lgjf;L g]kfnLx?sf tkm{af6 k'Ug'ePsf dfwj cfrfo{n] g]kfnL kf]i6nfO{ atfpg'ePsf]
5 .
pQm sfo{qmddf efu lng g]kfnaf6 >L s[i0f k|0ffdL s]Gb|Lo ;]jf ;ldltsf pkfWoIf4o
ltns/fh kf}8]n / e'jgdfg k|wfg tyf ;lrj Zofd s];L cfOk'Ug'ePsf] lyof] eg] jfl;+ª6g
8L;L If]qsf g]kfnLx?sf tkm{af6 dfwj cfrfo{, lgd{n yfkf / ;[hgf yfkfn] efu lng'ePsf]
pQm sfo{qmddf cd]l/sfsf cGo /fHodf /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ;d]t ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof]
.
sfo{qmdsf] ;d'b\3f6gsf cj;/df s[i0f k|0ffdL wd{sf wdf{rfo{ hutu'? !)* >Ls[i0fdl0f
dx/fn] cfhsf] o'udf lxGb"x?n] cfkm\gf] wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;dfh;]jfdf
d'Vo Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f atfpg'eof] . wdf{rfo{n] cufl8 eGg'eof], ;dfh ;]jf g}
dfgjsf] st{Jo xf] / æj;'b}j:o s'6'DjsdÆsf] efjgf k|sfzsf nflu ;a}n]
cfTdf;fy ub}{ wd{sf] dfWodaf6 ljZjdf zflGt km}nfpg xfdL lg/Gt/ nflu/xg'kg]{
s'/fdf pxfFn] hf]8 lbg'eof] .
;f]xL cj;/df cd]l/sfsf] 6]g];L /fHodf xfn} Ps >L s[i0f k|0ffdL dlGb/ lgdf{0fsf
nflu sl/j &) Ps8 hUuf v/Lb u/L dlGb/ lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? u/]sf] hfgsf/L klg
wdf{rfo{n] lbg'eof] .
pQm cj;/df g]kfnl:yt sf7df8f}+df Pp6f eJo >L s[i0f k|0ffdL dlGb/ lgdf{0f
x'g nfu]sf] / ;f] lgdf{0fsf nflu cd]l/sL hgtf tyf cd]l/sfdf a:g] g]kfnLx?sf]
;xof]u ;b\efjgf cfjZos /x]sf] s'/f ;+:yfsf k|yd pkfWoIf ltns/fh kf}8]nn] k|sfz
kfg'{eof] .
sf7df8f}+df lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] pQm dlGb/;Fu} a[4f>d, wfld{s k':tsfno, uf}zfnf,
ef]hgfno, afncf>d / wfld{s kf7zfnf ;d]t ;~rfng ul/g] of]hgf ePsf] s'/f klg
kf}8]nn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
8L;Ldf efg' holGt o;/L dgfOof]
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L, h'nfO{ !$, @))#
cGt/f{li6"o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh jfl;+u6g 8L= ;L=sf] cfof]hgfdf !()cf}+ efg'
hoGtL ;df/f]x ut zlgaf/ :yfgLo Ps kfs{df ljleGg sfo{qmdx? u/L ;dkGg eof] .
;f] ;df/f]xdf cGt/f{li6"o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh k'/:sf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf xf]dgfy
;'j]bLn] ;dfh4f/f k|bfg ul/g]] tLg ljleGg k'/:sf/sf ljhoLx?sf] 3f]if0ff ug{'ePsf]
lyof] . ;dfhn] o;jif{sf] Æ cGt/f{li6"o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh pTs[i6
k':ts k'/:sf/ Æ slj /d]z vs'/]nsf] Æ;|Uw/f Æ dxfsfJonfO{ lbg]
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L o; jif{sf] pTs[i6 gf/L x:tfIf/sfnflu 8f= l8NnL/fd ltlD;gf k'/:sf/ ;flxTosf/
;'wf lqkf7LnfO{ pxf+sf] Æ e"lksf sljtfdf Jo+Uo r]tgf Æ gfds
k':tssfnflu / o; jif{sf] pTs[i6 gj k|ltefsfnflu 8f= l8NnL/fd ltlD;gf k'/:sf/
n]vs s[i0f/fh vgfnnfO{ pxf+sf] Æ k|f]= xl/gfy vgfnM hLjgL / kl/j]z Æ
gfds k':tssfnflu lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . oL k'/:sf/sf] /fzL qmdzM ?=%),))) ,
?=@),))) / ?=!%,))) /x]sf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6"o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh pTs[i6 k':ts k'/:sf/sf ljhoL /d]z vs'/]n
;f] ;df/f]xd} pkl:yt x'g'x'GYof] . k'/:sf/sf] 3f]if0ff kl5 k|ltlqmof JoQm ub}{
pxf+n] ;f] k'/:sf/ /sd ?=%),))) df cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 TotL g} /sd ykL cf+vf k|sfzgnfO{
k|bfg ug]{ 3f]if0ff ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
pQm ;df/f]xdf cGt/f{li6"o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh 6"i6Lsf ;x cWoIf tyf
lgjf{rg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs eLd /]UdLn] ;dfhsf] gof+ sfo{ ;dlt b]xfo adf]lhd lglj{/f]w
lgjf{lrt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
k'? ;'j]bL cWoIf
sdnf ;?k pkfWoIf
uf]kfn /]UdL dxf;lrj
;dL/ vs'/]n ;lrj
ls/0f l;6f}nf sf]iffWoIf
pQm sfo{qmsf] pb\3f6g k|d'v cltly zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;sf pklgof]u k|d'v
?b| g]kfnn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . tt\kZrft cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] t:jL/df dfNofk{0f
u/L >4f~hnL ck{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf k|d'v cltly zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfjf;sf
pklgof]u k|d'v ?b| g]kfn Pj+ cGt/f{li6"o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh 6"i6Lsf
;x cWoIf eLd /]UdLn] cflbslj efg'eQm cfrfo{sf] AolQmTj Pj+ s[ltTjaf/] rrf{ ug{'
ePsf] lyof] .
cGt/f{li6"o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfhsf cWoIf k'? ;'j]bLn] sfo{qmddf pkl:yt ;a}nfO{
:jfut ub}{ cufdL lbgdf ;dfh ug]{ sfo{x?sf] af/]df rrf{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . o;
qmddf jxf+n] OlGb/f kmfp08]zgsf] ;xof]udf efg'eQmsf] zfnLssf] :ykfgf ug]{, Pp6f
g]kfnL k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf ug]{, Pj+ Pshgf g]kfnL ;flxTosf/nfO{ 5fqj[QL k|bfg
ug]{ h:tf sfo{qmd /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj cGt/f{li6"o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfh k'/:sf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf
xf]dgfy ;'j]bLn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
;dfhsf cWoIf k'? ;'j]bLn] g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf;df ;u/dfyf 6]nLlehgn]
cgj/t?kdf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ :j?k ;+rfns /fd v/]nnfO{ ;Ddfg kq / gub
cg'bfg cd]l/sL 8n/ %)) k|bfg ug'{' eof] .
sfo{qmddf snfsf/x? b'uf{ v/]n Pj+ 6Lsf k'gsf] 6f]nLn] gf/fo0f uf]kfnsf] uLt
;'gfpg' ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L ;f] ;df/f]xdf cfof]lht efg'eQm d]df]l/on elnjn
k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf 8L;L= Pyn]l6s
Snj k|yd ePsf] lyof] .
sfo{qmdsf] bf]>f] r/0fdf slj uf]i7Lsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] uf]i7Ldf
ljleGg sljx?n] cfkm\gf sljtf kf7 ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;f] uf]i7Ldf uhnsf/ bLks
v8\sfn] uhn n]vgsf] k|fljlws kIfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'sf ;fy} uhnx? k|:t't ug'{
ePsf] lyof] . o;} u/L slj /d]z vs'/]nn] 5Gbf]a4 sljtf n]vgsf s]xL kIfaf/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg' ePsf] lyof] .
b"tfaf;n] /fhfsf] hGdf]T;j dgfof]
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
jfl;+ª6g 8L;L h'nfO{, !), @))#
/fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] %& cf}+ z'ehGdf]T;j ;df/f]x cd]l/sfl:yt zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;n]
a'waf/ :yfgLo cfld{ ;f]/]xfd xf]6ndf ljb]zL tyf :jb]zLx?nfO{ hnkfg sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf u/L dgfof] .
cd]l/sL ljb]z dGqfnosf ljleGg ljlzi7 JolQmx?, s]xL cd]l/sL ;}lgsx?, s+u|]; sd{rf/Lx?,
ef/tLo, gj]{lhog, j+unfb]z nufotsf ljleGg /fhb"tx?sf] tyf cGo 8L;L j/k/
/x]sf s]xL g]kfnLx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] pQm hnkfg sfo{qmddf zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;sf
tkm{af6 /fhb"tfaf;sf pk lgof]u k|d'v ?b| g]kfnn, k|yd ;lrj s[i0frGb| cof{n
nufotsf b"tfaf;sf sd{rf/Lx?n] cfuGt'sx?sf] :jfut ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
em08} Ps ;oeGbf a9Lsf] ;+Vofdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL kfpgfx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof]
.
/fhb"t cem} c:ktfndf
cd]l/sfsf nflu zfxL g]kfnL /fhb"t hok|tfk /f0ff eg] ut clk|n dlxgfsf] !*
tfl/v z'qmaf/ ljxfg k}bn lx8fOdf uPsf cj:yfdf crfgs a]xf]; ePkl5 jfl;+ª6g
8L;Ll:yt hh{ jfl;+ª6g c:ktfndf egf{ ul/Psf] / xfn;Dd klg pxfFsf] c:ktfnd}
pkrf/ eO/x]sf] s'/f b"tfaf;af6 yfxf ePsf] 5 .
sf]nf]/f8f] ;Dd]ngsf] Ps emns
g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw
sf]nf]/f8f] 8]ge/, h'nfO{ ^, @))#
cd]l/sf tyf Sofgf8fdf a:g] g]kfnLx?n] cd]l/sL :jtGqtf lbj;sf] pknIodf x'g] ljbfnfO{
/dfOnf] e]nf u/]/ dgfpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;k6ssf] pQm e]nf sf]nf]/f8f]l:yt 8]ge/df
ePsf] 5 .
æb P;f]l;P;g ckm g]klnh Og bL cd]l/sfh\Æ gfdsf] ;+:yf4f/f cfof]hgf
ul/b} cfPsf] pQm @! cf}+ e]nfsf] pb\3f6g sfo{qmd h'nfO{ $ sf lbg eof] . pb\3f6g
;df/f]xkl5 ljleGg /fHoaf6 sfo{qmddf efu lng cfOk'u]sf g]kfnLx?n] ljleGg vfn]
uf]i7Ldf efu lnPsf b]lvGy] .
cGt/f{li6|o ;flxTo ;dfh, jfl;+ª6g 8L;Lsf] ljz]if kxndf ;DkGg sljtf uf]i7Ldf
k|yd l4tLo / t[tLo qmdzM ljgf]b d'8e/L, z/b lg/f}nf / l/;fn x'g'ePsf] lyof]
eg] afn sljtftkm{ :dfl/sf kf}8]n, clg;f k|wfg / g]xf >]i7 k|yd, l4tLo / t[tLo
x'g'ePsf] lyof] . ;f]xL cj;/df 1fg]Gb| ubfn4f/f n]lvPsf] ædnfO{ 5'g] dgx?Æ
/ /df kf]v/]n4f/f n]lvPsf] æd[To' lbj;Æ gfds sljtf ;+u|xsf] qmdzM
j]beQm k|wfg / /d]z vs'/]n4f/f ljdf]rg ul/Psf] lyof] . j]weQm k|wfgsf] k|d'v
cfltYodf ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmsf] ;~rfng uf]s'n kf}8]n / r'gf /fO{n] ug'{ePsf] lyof]
. cGt/f{li6|o g]kfnL ;flxTo ;dfhsf cWoIf k'? ;'j]bLsf] ljz]if kxndf ;DkGg pQm
sfo{qmd w]/}n] dgk/fPsf] kfOGYof] .
;f]xL cj;/df g]kfnL efiff ;flxTodf of]ubfg k'/\ofpFb} cfPsf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?n]
cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] p2]Zo / nIosf af/]df ;d]t k|i6 kf/]sf lyP . ;f]xL qmddf cd]l/sfdf
/x]/ g]kfnL efiff ;flxlTos If]qdf lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;dfrf/, sljtf, n]v nufotsf ljljw
;fdfu|Lx? k|sflzt ub}{ cfPsf] g]kfnLkf]i6sf af/]df g]kfnLkf]i6sftkm{af6 ;Dkfbs
ls/0f l;6f}nfn] hfgsf/L u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] . uf]i7Ldf pkl:yt ;|f]tfx?nfO{ ljleGg
JolQmsf k|ltof]uL tyf ck|ltof]uL sljtfx?n] lgSs} dgf]/Ghg k|bfg u/]sf] lyof]
.
pQm uf]i7LdWo]df cd]l/sf ljleGg efudf 5l/P/ a'9flgns07 af]l8{ª :s'nsf k"j{
ljBfyL{x?sf] ;d"x, h]G6h]leo;{ nufotsf cGo s]xL ljBfnodf cWoog ;dfKt u/L
cfPsf ljBfyL{x?sf] k'g{ldng sfo{qmd ;d]t ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
To;}u/L gjLg ;'Aaf4f/f lgb]{lzt rnlrq æg'dfkm'uÆ e]nfdf efu lng
cfPsf g]kfnLx?n] lgSs} pT;'stfk"j{s x]/]sf 5g\ .
;f]xL ;fFem sf]nf]/f8f]df ePsf :yfgLo g]kfnLx?4f/f nf]sbf]xf]/L ;fFem sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . cfof]hsx?n] hDdf ( ;o @& j6f l6s6 laqmL ul/Psf]
hfgsf/L lbOPsf] eP klg sfo{qmddf !% ;o eGbf a9L dflg;x?sf] eL8 b]lvGYof] .
To;}u/L zlgaf/ :yfgLo snfsf/ tyf g]kfnaf6 cfPsf snfsf/x?4f/f cfof]hgf ePsf]
sfo{qmddf gjLg e§/fO{sf] lj/f]w ug]{ eGg] sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] eP klg xl/j+z
cfrfo{ tyf dbgs[i0f >]i7;lxt /x]/ pQm sfo{qmdsf] lj/f]w gug{ cfu|x ub}{ cab]lv
/rgfsf/x?sf] ;d]t ;Ddfg ug]{ ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] lyof] .
;fFem xl/j+z cfrfo{ tyf dbgs[i0f >]i7, gjLg e§/fO{, ddtf lbkljd, lgd{nf
>]i7, gLnd >]i7, s'GtL df]Qmfg nufotsf snfsf/x?4f/ pkl:ylt ePsf g]kfnLx?nfO{
dgf]/~hg k|bfg u/] . pQm sfo{qmddf dbgs[i0f / xl/j+z cfrfo{sf] ;d"xnfO{
Nofpgsf nflu :yfgLo csf{ ;dfh;]jL gf/fo0f >]i7nfO{ e]nfsf cfof]hsx?n] 5 xhf/
8n/ lt/]sf] s'/f cfof]hsn] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fPsf 5g\ . zlgaf/ ;fFemsf]
sfo{qmddf klg lgSs} eL8 nfu]sf] b]lvGYof] .
ljz]if u/]/ cd]l/sfsf] klZrdL /fHo / sf]nf]/f8f]df /xFb} cfPsf g]kfnLx?sf] ljz]if
;xeflutf /x]sf] pQm e]nfdf cfpg] g]kfnLx? uf]i7L ;]ldgf/df efu lng] eGbf klg
sf]nf]/f8f] 3'Dgd} Jo:t b]lvGy] .
z'?df jgnfOg /lh:6|]zg @@%) n] u/]sf] b]lvPsf] eP klg sfo{qmddf efu lng]sf]
;+Vof eg] cfkm"x?n] cg'dfg u/]eGbf lgSs} g} sd /x]sf] hfgsf/L :yfgLo cfof]hs
u+uf rf}nfufO{+n] g]kfnLkf]i6nfO{ atfP .
cfof]hs tyf /SsL dfpG6]G6 g]kfnsf ;efklt gljgbQn] sfo{qmd ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg
ePsf] s'/f g]kfnLkf]i6 k|ltlglw;Fusf] s'/fsfgLdf atfpg'ePsf] 5 .
tLg lbg;Dd x'g] pQm sfo{qmddf ;':s]/f 86sdsf tkm{af6 lrqsnf k|b{zgL sfo{qmd
klg ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
;f]xL e]nfn] æb P;f]l;P;g ckm g]klnh Og bL cd]l/sfh\Æsf] gofF sfo{sfl/0fL
;ldltsf] ;d]t 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . o; jif{b]lv pQm P;f]l;Pg klg ljjflbt eP/ uPsf]
5 eg] P;f]lP;gaf6 cd]l/sfdf /xFb cfPsf k'/fgf tyf w]/} o'jf zlQmx?n] jt{dfg
;ldltsf] dgf]knL u/]sf sf/0f alx:sf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
ptf alx:sf/ ug]{x?nfO{ k'gM ;efklt kbdf cfpg'ePsf s[i0f lg/f}nf pxfFx?nfO{ s]df
lrQ ga'em]sf] xf] 6]jndf cfpg cfu|x ub}{ xfdL ldNg' g} /fd|f] x'g] atfpg'x'G5
. ljut jif{x?df r'gfjL k|lqmofaf6 ;efklt 5flgg] ul/GYof] eg] o;k6s r'gfj} ljgf
;a} kbx? lglj{/f]w ePsf 5g\ .
;efkltdf s[i0f lg/f}nf, pk;efkltdf qmdzM dLgf lu/L / cd[t t'nfw/ To;u/L dxf;lrjdf
l;df]g 9'+ufgf, sf]iffWoIfdf dx]Gb| sfsL{ x'g'x'G5 eg] k|wfg ;Dkfbsdf 8f= z}n]Gb|
z'Snf /xg'ePsf] 3f]if0ff ;d]t ;f]xL sfo{qmddf ul/Psf] 5 .
cfufdL jif{sf] g]kfnLx?sf] e]nf Pl/hf]gfsf] lkmlgS;df x'g] ePsf] hfgsf/L ;d]t
;efklt s[i0f lg/f}nfn] lbg'eof] .
v]nf8Ln] /]lk|m s'6]
ljleGg /fHoaf6 cfPsf g]kfnLx?aLr elnjn, km"6an, af:s]6an k|ltof]lutf ;d]t
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pQm k|ltof]lutfdf k'?ifx?sf] af:s]6andf k|yd 6]S;f; 8fNnf; k|yd
ePsf] 5 eg] km"6andf jfl;+ª6g 8L;Lsf] ;d"x k|yd ePsf] 5 . k'?ifx?sf]
elnjn k|ltof]lutfdf sf]nf]/f8f] k|yd ePsf] 5 eg] To;}u/L dlxnfx?sf] elnjndf
nhPGhn; ;d"x k|yd ePsf] 5 .
km"6an v]ns} lznlznfdf aflN6df]/ / 8]gj/ af]N8/sf v]nf8Lx?n] nf]/]g gfds
/]lk|mnfO{ lk6]sf sf/0f :yfgLo k|x/Ln] To;kl5 v]nd}bfgdf ljz]if ;'/Iff k|bfg
ug'{k/]sf] lyof] .
k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/ u/\of]
zlgaf/ /flt !@ ah] dxsf] ;f+:s[lt sfo{qmd eO/x]sf] aflx/tkm{ /S;Lsf] gzfdf cfO{
k|x/Ldfly g} hfOnfUg vf]Hg] 8]ge/sf ;fhg yfkfnfO{ 8]ge/ k|x/Ln]
g]kfnLx?sf] e]nf:yn af6} /flt kqmfp ul/ nu]sf 5g\ .
|
