|
;dfrf/ ;+If]k 
clen]vfno
-hgcfGbf]ng ;dfrf/_
cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ uf]nL xfGg] r]tfjgL
clk|n !*, @))$
sf7df8f}+ . k|ltudglj¿4sf] sf7df8f}+ s]lGb|t ljz]if cfGbf]ngsf] !* cf}+
lbg cfh afuahf/af6 g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ci6nIdL zfSo, /fh]Gb|k|;fb
kf08], k|bLk 1jfnL / uf]s0f{ lji6sf] g]t[Tjdf lg:s]sf] h'n';n] slyt b+ufu|:t
If]qsf] cj1f u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L g]lj;+3 :yfkgf lbj;sf] l;nl;nfdf aflNdsL SofDk;df
hDdf eP/ g]kfnL sf+u]|;sf g]tf, sfo{stf{x¿, dxfdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnf /
/fdrGb| kf}8]nsf] g]t[Tjdf lg:s]sf] h'n'; ToxfFaf6 k'tnL;8s x'Fb} afuahf/ df]8;Dd
k'u]/ lgif]lwt If]qsf] pNn+3g u¥of] . tTkZrft\ b'j} h'n';x¿ ldn]/
kfFr cfGbf]ngsf/L kf6L{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm h'n'; afuahf/ x'Fb} /Tgkfs{tkm{ nfUbf
k|x/Ln] rf/j6f l6o/ UofF; k|of]u ug'{sf ;fy} lgd{d nf7L rfh{ u/]/ pNn]lvt g]tfx¿;lxtsf
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/L kfFrj6f 6"sdf /fv]/ ljleGg :yfgdf
nluPsf] 5 .
k|x/L cfqmd0faf6 uf]s0f{ lji6, eLd s]=;L=nfO{ ;Dj]bgzLn c+ux¿df nLn 3f]r]/
3fOt] agfOPsf] 5 . cGo 3fOt] x'g]x¿df ;fu/ a'9fdu/, ;fb'/fd sfsL{, e'jg
s]=;L=, ;L=kL= 3tL{, w'|j/fh lji6, ¿b|axfb'/ 9'+ufgf, lqsf/Tg wfVjf,
eLd nfdf, ljho /fO{, a]b/fh 1jfnL, ls/0f vgfn, bLks e§, a'l4 /fpt, ;/nf
l;Ub]n, lktfDa/ kGt, k"0f{ /fO{\, xs{l;+x wfdL, ;Gtf]if /fO{ / ljgf]b zfSo
x'g'x'G5 .
cfh lu/km\tf/ x'g]x¿df g]skf -Pdfn]_sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox¿ ci6nIdL
zfSo, k|bLk 1jfnL, ls/0f u'¿ª, /fh]Gb|k|;fb kf08], uf]s0f{ lji6nufot
uf]df b]jsf]6f, /fds'df/L emfFqmL, eLd s]=;L=, /ljGb| clwsf/L, ¿b| g]kfn,
k]|d s'Fj/, g/]Gb| >]i7, 8f= /fhlszf]/ ;fx, dx]z a:g]t, lgd{nf k|hfklt, Ohg
a/fn, ddtf lu/L, /fdxl/ clwsf/L, /fh]Gb| a/fn, df]tL kf}8]n, dfwj uf}td, /fdafa'
clwsf/L, b]jf kf]v/]n, 8Da/ /]UdL, Zofd lu/L, nf]sgfy ;'j]bL, ofdaxfb'/ >]i7,
gjLg zfxL, Zofd gflkt, of]u/fh uf}td, b]jz+s/ kf}8]n, s[i0f uf}rg, wd{/fh kf}8]n,
6Lsf r]Dhf]ª, jfªbL nfdf, gjLg zfxL, k/z'/fd e§/fO{, d's'Gb kf]v/]n,
/fdhL e§/fO{, d'/f/L ;'j]bL, ljgf]b bfxfn, cl:dg bfxfn, u0f]z kf]v/]n,
nId0f s]=;L=, pAhg zfxL, ch'{g kf08], /jL sfsL{, pd]z bfxfn, ljdnf dfgGw/, b]j/fh
Gof}kfg], ;Togf/fo0f d08n, /fwfs[i0f cfrfo{, s[i0fk|;fb a;]n cflb x'g'x'G5 .
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿sf] h'n';df x:tIf]k ug'{cl3 k|x/Ln] dfOsaf6 k6s-k6s uf]nL
xfGg] r]tfjgL lbPsf] lyof] . k|d'v g]tfx¿;lxt ;of}+ lu/km\tf/ eO;s]kl5
cGon] kßsGof SofDk; cufl8 6fo/ afn]/ k|bz{g hf/L /fv]sf lyP .
k|x/Ln] k|/fo';+3, g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf b'O{k6s cfqmd0f u/L c>' UofF;
k|of]u u/]sf] lyof] . tTkZrft\ cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] k|x/LnfO{ nv]6\b} l8NnLahf/ psfnf];Dd
k'¥ofPsf lyP .
cfhsf] k|bz{gdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo ;Dks{ ljefusf] cfx\jfgdf b]zel/sf c~rn
tyf lhNnf ;Dks{ d~rsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] pNn]Vo ;xeflutf lyof] . /, lu/km\tf/ tyf
3fOt] x'g]x?df ;Dks{ d~r dftxtsf w]/} g]tf, sfo{stf{x? /xg'ePsf] 5 .
o;cl3 sf]6]Zj/ SofDk;af6 laxfg & ah] lg:s]sf] h'n'; lzjbz{g xn gofF afg]Zj/
k'u]/ ;dfkg ePsf] lyof] . kz'klt SofDk;df ljBfyL{x¿n] laxfg}b]lv ;8s
cj/f]w u/]sf lyP . To;qmddf ;+ho /fO{;lxt !) hgf ljBfyL{ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . k|x/Ln]
lqrGb| SofDk;af6 clvnsf ;dLt a8fnnfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 .
o;}aLr g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3sf] cfx\jfgdf cfh b]ze/L k|fWofksx¿n] k]g 8fpg
u/]sf 5g\ eg] g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] cfx\jfgdf b]zel/sf zfvfx¿n] cfkm\gf]
sfo{If]qdf xftdf sfnf]kl§ afFw]/ ;/sf/L bdgk|lt lj/f]w hgfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L
;/sf/L bdg / HofbtLsf] lj¿4 cfhb]lv j}zfv !@ ut];Dd sf:sL lhNnfdf ;/sf/L
uf8L tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf uf8Lx¿ rNg glbg] lg0f{ocg'¿k cfh sf:sLdf
o; lg0f{osf] pNn+3g u/L rnfOPsf ;ftj6f uf8Lx¿nfO{ cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n]
cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnPsf 5g\ . s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;+rfng ;ldltsf ;b:o o'j/fh sfsL{n]
zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngdfly /fHon] cfh u/]sf] aa{/ bdgsf] lgGbf tyf eT;{gf
ub}{ 3fOt]x?sf] pkrf/ / lu/km\tf/x?sf] l/xfO{sf] dfu ug'{ePsf] 5 .
pkTosfsf kGw| :yfg cfGbf]ngsf pks]Gb|
sf7df8f}+ . rfn' hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ :yfgLo txb]lv g} cem ;zQm, h'emf¿ / k|efjsf/L
agfpg] p4]Zon] cfh g]skf -Pdfn]_ pkTosf ;dGjo sld6Lsf] sfof{nodf ljz]if a}7s
a:of] . dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnsf] k|d'v cfltYodf ;DkGg pQm a}7ssf] cWoIftf
ub}{ :yfoL sld6L ;b:o tyf pkTosf OGrfh{ cd[ts'df/ af]x/fn] sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/
/ eQmk'/sf !% j6f :yfgnfO{ cfGbf]ngsf pks]Gb|sf] ¿kdf tf]lsPsf] / tL
:yfgx¿af6 :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ Jofks ¿kdf kl/rfng ub}{ k|ltudgnfO{
;zQm¿kdf wSsf lbg] of]hgf agfOPs]f af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] .
kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf ;b:o tyf pkTosf hgcfGbf]ng kl/rfng sld6Lsf ;+of]hs s[i0fuf]kfn
>]i7n] a}7s;dIf ;fFv', afg]Zj/, hf]/kf6L, rfjlxn, d}tLb]jL, wfkf;L, If]qkf6L{,
c;g, afnfh', sn+sL, sLlt{k'/, kf6g, eQmk'/, l7dL cflb 7fpFnfO{ pks]Gb|sf] ¿kdf
tf]lsPsf] / tL :yfgx¿af6 Jofks hgtfnfO{ kl/rfng ub}{ pkTosfsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{
pTsif{df k'¥ofpg] / k|ltudgnfO{ 3'F8f 6]sfO 5f8\g] of]hgf k|:t't ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
a}7snfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] lgwf{lt/ ul/Psf :yfgx¿af6
pkTosfjf;L hgtfnfO{ ;+ul7t ub}{ /fhwfgLsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofpg]
sfo{df cfh}b]lv h'6\g ;DalGwt sd/]8x¿nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg'eof] . ;fy} pxfFn]
/fhfn] hgtfsf] ckxl/t ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ lkmtf{ gu/];Dd cfGbf]ng lg/Gt/ hf/L /fVg]
k|lta4tf klg bf]xf]¥ofpg' eof] .
a}7sdf k|ltudgnfO{ k/f:t ug{ cfGbf]ngnfO{ cem h'emf¿ agfpg' kg]{ / /fi6"JofkL
cfdx8tfn h:tf ;+3if{sf ¿kx¿ k|of]u ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj sfo{stf{x¿af6
k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . a}7sdf :yfoL sld6Lsf ;b:ox¿, s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;+rfng
sld6Lsf ;b:ox¿, pks]Gb|df v6fOg'ePsf sd/]8x¿ / pkTosf ;dGjo sld6Lsf
;b:ox¿sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] .
hnpkef]Qmf dxf;+3åf/f P]Soa4tf
sf7df8f}+ . g]kfn clw/fHoe/ ^^ lhNnfsf @^ xhf/ ! ;o #( eGbf a9L ;+ul7t hn pkef]Qmf
;+:yfx¿sf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+u7g /fli6"o l;+rfO{ hn pkef]Qmf dxf;+3,
g]kfnn] c;f]h !* sf] zfxL sbd kl5 ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe't u/]sf df}lns xs / k|hftflGqs
clwsf/ pkef]u ug{af6 hgtfnfO{ al~rt kfl/Psf] hgfPsf] 5 .
dxf;+3sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf uhfw/ ofbjn] cfh hf/L u/]sf] cfXjfgdf elgPsf] 5 - æg]kfnsf
cfd gful/sx¿ ;+ljwfgtM ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg eP/ klg ljut s]xL jif{b]lv vf;u/L
@)%( c;f]h !* sf] zfxL sbkl5 cGt/f{li6"o dxf;lGw / 3f]if0ffkqx¿åf/f
dfGotfk|fKt dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ t k/} hfcf];, xfd|f] cfkm\g} d'n'ssf] jt{dfg
;+ljwfgn] k"0f{ k|Tofe't u/]sf df}lns xs / k|hftflGqs clwsf/x¿sf]
pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfn] lg/Gt/tf kfO/xg' eg]sf] hgtfsf]
hglhljsfsf] clwsf/ g} ;dfKt eO{ l;+uf] /fi6"s} ;fj{ef}d;Qfdfly g} vt/f
pTkGg x'g' xf] .Æ
dxf;+3n] æ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfsf] lg0f{oåf/f k|hftflGqs clwsf/sf]
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf gul/P;Dd lhNnf:t/;Dd cfkm\gf] hgcleofg ;+rfng
ub}{ k|ltudg lj¿4sf] ;+rflnt cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hfx]/ u/]sf]Æ
hgfPsf] 5 .
o;}u/L t]¥x xhf/eGbf a9L ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x cGtu{t /x]sf sl/a
!% nfv| 3/ w'/Lsf jg pkef]Qmfx?sf] k|ltlglwd"ns ;+u7g ;fd"bflos jg
pkef]Qmf dxf;+3, g]kfnn] klg k|ltudglj?4 rfn";+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf
hgfPsf] 5 . pQm dxf;+3sf cWoIf eLdk|;fb >]i7n] k|hftflGqs clwsf/sf] ;'/Iffy{
cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Dk"0f{ ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltx?nfO{ cfx\jfg
ug'{ePsf] 5 .
cfGbf]ngsf/L of]4fsf] lgwg
sf7df8f}+ . /f}tx6af6 sf7df8f}+ cfP/ ut r}t !( sf] cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g'ePsf
df]xDdb tflx/ cG;f/Lsf] lxhf] lgwg ePsf] 5 . cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'Fbf ;/sf/åf/f
aa{/tfk"j{s a;f{OPsf] k|f0f3fts c>' UofF;sf] k|efjaf6 pxfF c:j:y x'g'x'GYof]
. &! jif{sf] pd]/;Dd klg sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] cys of]4fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x
ug'{ePsf cG;f/L clvn g]kfn ls;fg ;+3sf /f}tx6 lhNnf cWoIf tyf g]skf -Pdfn]_
/f}tx6 lhNnf sld6Lsf ;b:o x'g'x'GYof] .
cG;f/Lsf] lgwgdf ;dj]bgf JoQm ub}{ g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn]
- …pxfFsf] alnbfgnfO{ v]/ hfg glbg, cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;kmntfsf] rf]6Ldf k'¥ofpg
/ zf]snfO{ zlQmdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L k|ltudgnfO{ k/f:t ug{ k|lta4 /xgÚ
;a}nfO{ cfu|x ug'{ePsf] 5 .
pks'nkltsf] sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL
sf7df8f}+ . ;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] cg]/f:jljo'sf pkfWoIf eQm u'¿ª nufotsf
ljBfyL{ / /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ /fHon] gh/aGbdf /fv]sf] la/f]wdf
cfh pks'nkltsf] sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL u/]sf 5g\ .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf pks'nklt / cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL
ug'{cl3 ;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df lgjf{w cfjt-hfjt / k7g-kf7gsf]
jftfj/0f agfpg laxfg bz ah];Ddsf] clN6d]6d lbPsf lyP .
ljZjljBfno k|zf;gn] To:tf] jftfj/0f agfpg s'g} sbd grfn]kl5 ljxfg !! ah] :jljo'
;efklt ljho /fO{sf] g]t[Tjdf ljBfyL{x¿n] tfnfaGbL u/]sf lyP . o;n] ubf{
pks'nkltsf] sfof{no lbge/ aGb eof] .
;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] ef]nL b]ze/sf SofDk; k|d'vsf] sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL ug]{ sfo{qmd
/x]sf] 5 .
cd]l/sL kqsf/;+u 5nkmn
sf7df8f}+ . g]skf -Pdfn]_sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfn;Fu cfh cd]l/sL klqsf b Go"
of]s{ 6fOD;sf blIf0f Plzof Jo"/f] ;xk|d'v 8]le8 /f]8n] e]6]/ ;d;fdlos kl/l:yltsf
af/]df 5nkmn ug'{ePsf] 5 .
kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no dbggu/ aNv'df ePsf] pQm 5nkmnsf qmddf @)%( c;f]h !* sf]
zfxL sbd / rfn' hgcfGbf]ngsf] l:yltsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ePsf] dxf;lrjsf] ;lrjfnon]
hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5 .
cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf
sf7d8f}+ . Pl;ofnL dlxnf dfgjclwsf/ kl/ifbsf tkm{af6 kl/ifb ;b:o dLgf kf}8]nn]
g]kfndf e}/x]sf] zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngn] hgtfsf] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k'gj{xfnL
ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZj:t x'Fb} pQm cfGbf]ngk|lt
kl/ifbsf] P]Soa4tf /x]sf] lxhf] hgfpg' ePsf] 5 .
pxfFn] kqdf eGg'ePsf] 5 - æ;+;bafbL kfFr kf6L{x¿n] ;+o'Qm¿kdf
cfXjfg u/]sf], pgLx¿ s} egfO{df k|ltudg lj¿4sf] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{
bdg ug]{ gfddf ul/Psf] lx+;fn] hgtfsf] af]Ng kfpg], /fhg}lts kf6L{x¿sf]
;ef ;+u7g ug{ kfpg] / ;+rf/sdL{n] n]Vg kfpg] h:tf ;+a}wflgs clwsf/x¿
Jofks ¿kdf xgg e}/x]sf 5g\ .
oxL a}zfv $ ut] sf7df08f}df ;dfrf/ ;+sng ul//x]sf ;+rf/sdL{x¿ dfly ePsf]
bdg / lu/km\tf/Lsf] 36gfn] g]kfndf e}/x]sf] dfgj clwsf/sf] xggnfO{ cGt/f{li6o:t/df
pbf+u kf/]sf] dfq geO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt ;';"lrt x'g] clwsf/af6 hgtf alGrt
x'g] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .
ljut s]xL lbgotf g]kfndf k'¿if k|x/Lx¿4f/f dlxnf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿
dfly e}/x]s]f xftkft, n5f/k5f/ / lu/km\tf/L k|lt o; kl/ifb lgGbf ub{5 . ;fy}
dlxnfx¿k|lt ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ ug{ o; kl/ifb\ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ cfXjfg ub{5
.
oL 36gfx¿ / o;n] lgDTofPsf] kl/l:ylt k|lt PlzofnL dlxnf dfgj clwsf/ kl/ifb
ulx/f] lrGtf JoQm ub{5 / g]kfnn] dfgj clwsf/sf] kIfdf cGt/f{li6"o:t/df
hfx]/ u/]sf k|lta4tfnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu' ub}{ hgtfsf clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ cfXjfg
ub{5 .Æ
ljb]zL cltlyx¿ klg lu/km\tf/
sf7df8f}+ . clvn g]kfn ls;fg ;+3 ;lxt /fli6"o tyf cGt/f{li6"o ;+3
;+:yfx¿sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf lxhf] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] cl86f]l/od xndf
cGt/f{li6"o ls;fg lbj;sf] ;Gbe{df vfB ;Dk|e'Qfsf] nflu PlzofnL hgdfr{ @))$
sf] 3f]if0ff sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePkl5 g]kfndf k|hftGqdflysf] s'7/f3ft / k|ltudg lj¿4
cg]ls;+3 cWoIf jfdb]j uf}tdsf] g]t[Tjdf ljzfn h'n'; lg:Sof] .
g]kfndf ePsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hgfpFb} ;fd]n x'g'ePsf ljb]zL
cltlyx¿nufot jfdb]j uf}tdnfO{ ;/sf/n] jL/ c:ktfn glhsaf6 kqmfp u/]sf]
lyof] .
clvn g]kfn ls;fg ;+3sf ;Nnfxsf/ s]zj a8fn, k|yd pkfWoIf s]zjnfn >]i7, åLlto
pkfWoIf wd{bQ b]jsf]6f, t[lto pkfWoIf b]jL a/fn, dxf;lrj k|]d b+ufn, ;lrjfno
;b:ox¿ an/fd af:sf]6f, ef]h/fh hf]zL, z]ifd0fL zdf{, dxflj/k|;fb l;+x,
l8aL sfsL{, s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox¿ hub]j ofbj, od u'¿ª, u0f]zaxfb'/
vqL, 9fsf/fd cof{n, lhGbfhL u'¿ª, ;'j0f{dfg 8+uf]n, pdf sf]O/fnf,
xl/ uf]bf/, dfgk'/ rf}w/L, s[i0f cof{n, s'nrGb| clwsf/L, g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo
;b:o x]d/fh /fO{, cg]d;+3 cWoIf ljBfb]jL e08f/L, ;Ltf kf}8]n, ;fljqf e';fn,
;l/tf Gof}kfg], uf]df b]jsf]6f ;d]tnfO{ k|x/Ln] kqmfp u/]sf] lyof] .
hgdfr{ @))$ sf] 3f]if0ff sfo{qmddf cfpg'ePsf ljb]zL cltyLx¿ ;/f]hgL /fªud
- dn]l;of, h]g]km/ df}l/g - dn]lzof, lunj6{ ;fk] - lkmlnlkG;, ljKne xlnd - ef/t,
clgn l;+x - ef/t, jL rGgfO{ nufot >Ln+sf / j+unfb]zsf cltly ;d]t @)) hgfeGbf
a9L g]tf sfo{stf{ tyf ljb]zL kfx'gf / hg;fwf/0fnfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf] lyof] .
k|hftGqsf kIfdf zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hgfpFb} lg:s]sf] zflGtk"0f{
h'n'zdf ;/sf/n] u/]sf] k|x/L w/ks8sf] clvn g]kfn ls;fg ;+3n] ulx/f] v]b JoQm
u/]sf] 5 .
hgcfGbf]ng ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gaf6
;/sf/nfO{ lgb{oL gaGg ;'emfj
g]kfnL kf]i6 k|ltlglw
clk|n !&, @))$
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sngsf nflu ;8sdf lgl:sPsf kqsf/x?dfly k|x/L k|zf;g4f/f
ul/Psf] s'6lk6 / y'g 5]ssf] g]kfn cd]l/sf kqsf/ ;+3 3f]/ eT;{gf ub{5 .
;fy} cfh kqsf/x?sf] h'n'zdfly ul/Psf] x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w ub}{ kqmfp u/L j]kQf
agfOPsf kqsf/x?sf] cljnDa l/xfO ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg rfxG5f}+ . g]kfnsf]
k|]; :jtGqtfsf nflu nl8/x]sf cfGbf]ngsf/L kqsf/x;Fusf] xfd|f] P]Soj4tf;d]t o;}
;dfrf/dfkm{t\ hgfpFb5f}+ .
ljleGg ;~rf/dfWoddf sfo{/t y'lgPsf ;Dk"0f{ kqsf/x?sf] l/xf ug{ / kqsf/x?nfO{
lgl:kmqmLsf ;fy ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{ g/f]Sg ;d]t ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ xfdL o;} ;dfrf/af6
;'emfj lbg rfxG5 .
ljZjJofkL dfGotfcg'?k o'4e"dLdf ;d]t k'u]/ ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug]{ kqsf/x?nfO{
;a}n] dfGotf lbO/x]sf] cj:yfdf hg cfGbf]ngn] r/df]Tsif{ lnPkl5 cfkm\gf] s]xL
st} gnfUg] ePkl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] o;/L kqsf/x?dfly /fHo cft+s dRrfPg'n] ;/sf/sf]
lbg uGtL w]/} 6f8f 5}g eGg] k|i6 x'g uPsf] 5 .
k|hftGqsf ;Djfxs kqsf/dfly lgb{oL lsl;dn] ul/Psf] o; k|sf/sf] Jojxf/af6 b]z
tyf :jb]zdf a:g] ;Dk"0f{ kqsf/x?n] Ps eP/ cfjfh p7fpg ;d]t xfdL ;a}kIf;Fu
cg'/f]w ub{ 5f}+ .
-hgcfGbf]ng ;fdfrf/_
rf/;o kqsf/ lu/ˆtf/
clk|n !&, @))$
sf7df8f}+ . j}zfv $ ut] zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng ul//x]sf
kqsf/x?dfly /fHon] u/]sf] s'6lk6, b'Jo{jxf/ / lu/km\tf/Lsf lj?4 g]kfn kqsf/
dxf;+3n] cfh lgsfn]sf] lj/f]w h'n';dfly k'gM k|x/L x:tIf]k / Jofks lu/km\tf/L
ePsf] 5 .
dxf;+3sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;+rf/u|fddf e]nf eO{ d'vdf sfnf] k§L afFw]/ lbp;f]
@ ah] ;'? ePs]f sl/a &)) kqsf/ ;xefuL /x]sf] pQm h'n';sf] g]t[Tj sgsdl0f
bLlIft, uf]ljGb ljof]uL, uf]kfn yklnof, xl/x/ lj/xL, tf/fgfy bfxfn, lji0f' lgi7'/L
/ dx]Gb| lji6 nufotsf kqsf/x?n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . kqsf/x?sf] h'n';nfO{ ;'/Iffann]
d}tLb]jL, l8lNnahf/, k'tnL;8s / kb\df]bodf Jofl/s]8 v8f u/]sf] lyof] . pQm h'n'z
uf}zfnf, k'/fgf] afg]Zj/ x'Fb} tL Jofl/s]8x?nfO{ qmdzM tf]8\b} k|bz{gLdfu{l:yt
aflNdsL SofDk; cufl8 k'Ug ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . o;cl3 aLraLrdf k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k
ub}{ sgsdl0f bLlIft, uf]ljGb ljof]uL, uf]kfn yklnof, tf/fgfy bfxfn, lji0f' lgi7'/L,
dx]Gb| lji6 ;d]tnfO{ kqm]/ j8f sfof{no sdn kf]v/Ldf /fv]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L gf/fo0f
jfUn], phL/ du/, 6Lsf/fd /fO{, 3gZofd cf]emf, s;d; ljZjsdf{, uug lji6, zlzw/
e08f/L nufot kqsf/x?nfO{ j8f k|x/L sfof{no l;+xb/jf/df /fv]sf] lyof] . kqsf/x?sf]
h'n';sf] ;dfkg aflNdsL SofDk;df dxf;+3sf pkfWoIf uf]kfn a'9fyf]sLsf] ;dfkg dGtJoaf6
ePsf] lyof] . ;dfkg kZrft klg afFsL kqsf/x?nfO{ k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/ u/]/ gfu9'+ufdf
5f]8]sf] lyof] . cfhsf] lj/f]w ¥ofnLaf6 /fHon] sl/a $)) kqsf/x?nfO{ lu/km\tf/
u/]sf] 5 . lu/km\tf/ kqsf/x? uf]kfn a'9fyf]sL, u0f]z j:g]t nufot %% hgfnfO{
gLnaf/fxL u0f anDa'df /flvPsf] lyof] .
g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf] cfh ljxfg ;DkGg s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] a}7sn] lxhf]sf] 36gfn]
d'n'sdf k|]; :jtGqtf uDeL/ vt/fdf /x]sf] k'gk'{i6L eO;s]sf] 7x/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] k|]; tyf cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf]
k"0f{ pkef]u ug{sf lglDt dxf;+3n] cfh}b]lv k|yd r/0sf] lj/f]w sfo{qmd ;'?
ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .
dxf;+3n] k|];dfly ePsf] ;/sf/L x:tIf]k / kqsf/dflysf] w/ks8, lu/km\tf/L / b'Jo{jxf/sf]
36gfsf lhDd]jf/ u[x Pj+ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqL sdn yfkfnfO{ tTsfn avf{:t
ug{, k|];dfly ePsf] x:tIf]k / e'm7f nf~5fgfo'Qm cleJolQm lkmtf{ lng / uNtLsf
lglDt k|wfgdGqLn] ;fj{hlgs?kdf Ifdf dfUg hf]8bf/ dfu u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|]; :jtGqtfdfly
x:tIf]ksf lhDd]jf/ ;"rgf Pj+ u[xdGqL sdn yfkfsf] pkl:yltdf x'g] sfo{qmd
tyf ;dfrf/ ;+rf/ dfWodx?df alxisf/ ug]{, ;Dk"0f{ b}lgs ;dfrf/kq tyf ;a}
klqsfdf j}zfv ^ ut] cfOtjf/ k|]; :jtGqtfdfly ePsf] x:tIf]k / HofbtLsf] lj/f]wdf
;DkfbsLo dfkm{t P]Soa4tf hfx]/ ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 .
k|];dfly eO/x]sf] HofbtL / b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL dxf;+3n] cfkm\gf] s]Gb|Lo
sfof{nodf ljxfgb]lv /ftL !) ah];Dd t}gfy x'g] x6nfO{g ;+oGq kmf]g g+= $$&%#@#
sf] Joj:yf u/L clen]vnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ yfn]sf] dxf;+3sf dxf;lrj lji0f' lgi7'/fLn]
hf/L u/]sf] lj1lKtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] ;'/IffsdL{ nv]6]
sf7df8f}+ . b+ufu|:t If]qsf] cj1f ub}{ cfh afuahf/af6 lg:s]sf] ljzfn h'n'z g]skf
-Pdfn]_ :yfoL sld6Lsf ;b:o cd[ts'df/ af]x/f / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
/fdrGb| kf}8]nsf] g]t[Tjdf k|x/Lsf] ;'/Iff tf]8\b} cl3 a9]sf] lyof] . k|x/Ln]
x:tIf]q u/L nf7L rfh{ / c>'UofF; k|of]u u/]/ l5Gg-leGg kfg{ vf]h] klg aL;f}+
xhf/ hgtf ;lDdlnt pQm h'n'zn] k|x/LnfO{ nv]6]/ sdnfbL;Dd k'¥ofPsf] lyof]
. cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ lu/ˆtf/ ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf b'Oj6f 6"snfO{ hgtfn]
cfuf] nufP/ Wj:t kfl/lbPsf 5g\ . k|x/Ln] afuahf/ l:yt k|hftflGqs /fli6"o
o'jf ;+3sf] sfof{nodf xdnf u/L ToxfF /x]sf g]tf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf]
5 . To; qmddf chDa/ sfªjfª, gf/fo0f kf08], dx]z a:g]t, cDa/ sfsL{
/ pd]z ;'j]bL ;lxt !% hgf 3fOt] x'g'ePsf] 5 eg] d'lQm bfxfn, s[i0f cfªbDj],
?b| sGbªjf, gj/fh u'?ª / uf]ljGb a'9fyf]sLnfO{ lu/km\tf/ ul/Psf] 5
. clvn g]kfn ls;fg ;+3n] ;f9] kf+rah] jL/ c:ktfn cufl8 ;of}+sf] ;+Vofdf ls;fg
g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ / cGt/f{li6"o kfx'gfx? ;lxtsf] wgf{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf]
5 . ;+3sf cWoIf jfdb]j uf}tdn] wgf{sf] ;'?jftsf] qmddf hgcfGbf]ng ;dfrf/;Fu
eGg'eof] - ca xfdL ;8sdf a:of}+ .
cfh g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ n] ef]6flx6Laf6 lgsfn]sf] h'n'z gofF ;8sl:yt
h'4 ;flns 5]p k'Ubf ;efklt z]/axfb' b]pjf, 8f= cf/h' b]pjf, ljdn]Gb| lgwL /
bLks'df/ pkfWofo nufot ;of}+nfO{ k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 . lu/km\tf/ dWo]
tLg;o hgfnfO{ k|x/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg dxf/fhu+h / Ps;o hgfnfO{ ;z:q k|x/L an
k|wfg sfof{no xNrf]sdf /flvPsf] 5 . k|x/L x:tIf]kl5 klg ;f] kf6L{sf] h'n'z cl3
a9]/ c;gdf k'uL ;dfkg eof] . ;f] cj;/df k|lbk lu/L, k|sfzdfg l;+x nufotn] ;+af]wg
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ef]nL ;f] kf6L{n] sf]6]Zj/af6 h'n'z lgsfNg] sfo{qmd /x]sf]
8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfnn] hfgsf/L u/fpg' eof] .
cfh emfkfsf] rGb|u9Ldf !)))) sf] lj/f]w h'n'; / ;ef ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . k|ltudglj/f]wL
cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf d]rL c+rndf ePsf] of] ;aeGbf 7'nf] k|bz{g xf] . pQm ;efdf
g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o 3g]Gb| a:g]t, p4a yfkf / xl/r/0f aflgofFn] ;Daf]wg
ug'{eof] .
cfh} 6"]8 o'lgog / k]zfut ;+u7gx?n] b]zsf !# j6f k|d'v zx/df k|ltudglj?4sf]
;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf k|s6 ub}{ ¥ofnL ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . o;qmddf
a'6jnsf] rf}/fxfdf sl/a *))) sf] h'n'zn] gu/ kl/qmdf u/L cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf
hfx]/ u/]s]f 5 . kfNkfdf @))) sf] P]Soa4tf ¥ofnL ;DkGg eof] . x]6f}+8fdf
sl/a @))) sf] h'n'z lg:s]/ gu/ kl/qmdf u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lj/f6gu/, g]kfnu+h,
wgu9L / dx]Gb|gu/ nufotsf :yfgx?df klg k]zfut ;+u7gn] cf-cfkm\gf] kl/ro ;lxt
P]Soa4tf ¥ofnL ;Dkgg u/]sf 5g\ . sf7df8f}+df e]+8fl;+xaf6 ;'?ePsf] k]zfut
P]Soa4tf ¥ofnL OGb|rf]s x'Fb} ef]6flx6Ldf cfOk'Ubf k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k u/L lhkmG6sf
#@, k]zfut dxf;+3sf @* / g]kfn 6"]8 o'lgog sf+u|];sf @% u/L sl/a !)) hgf
sfo{stf{x?nfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 .
o; cl3 k|ltudgsf lj?4 hf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbb} / ;/sf/L lgif]wf1fnfO{
tf]8\b} cfh ljxfg g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] cfof]hgfdf sf7df8f}+df h'n'; lgl:sof] .
ljxfg & ah] sf7df8f}+sf] nugaf6 ;'?ePsf] h'n'; ef]6]axfn, lvrfkf]v/L, a;Gtk'/
x'+b} h}zLb]jndf k'u]/ ;dfkg ePsf] lyof] .
cfh} sf7df8f}+ If]q g+= # sf] uNkm'6f/af6 ;'?ePsf] h'n'; a'9flgns07df k'u]/
;dfkg ePsf] lyof] . ljleGg /fhgLlts kf6L{sf so{stf{, lzIfs, ljBfyL{, :yfgLo
a'l4hLjL, ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw nfuot 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ;xefuL /x]sf]
h'n';sf] ;dfkgdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ :yfoL ;ldltsf ;b:o O{Zj/ kf]v/]n / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf
g/x/L cfrfo{n] ;+jf]wg ub}{ k|ltudg k/f:t x'g} nfu]sf], k|hftGqsf] lht x'g}
nfu]sf] / cfGbf]ngn] lg0ff{os df]8 lng nfu]sf] atfpb} cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmotfk"j{s
nfUg / k|hftGqk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug{ sf7df8f}+jf;L hg;d'bfodf ckLn
ug'{eof] .
ælgb]{lzt k|hftGq dfGb}gf}+Æ
sf7df8f}+ . …cfGbf]ngsf] lg/Gt/ bjfjsf sf/0f /fHon] v'§f sdfpg yfn]sf]
5 . dx]Gb| ejg dflj cufl8 ;fgf] uf}r/0f / gd"gf dl5Gb| SofDk; nugv]ndf
lj/f]w k|bz{g ug{ kfpg] egL ;/sf/n] tL :yfgdf b+ufu|:t If]q x6fPsf] 5 . o;/L
cd"s-cd"s 7fpFdf dfq lj/f]w k|bz{g ug{ kfpg] eg]sf] ToxL lgb]{lzt
k|hftGqsf] cEof; xf] . xfdL lgb]{lzt k|hftGq dfGb}gf}+ / ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] 7fpFdf
;fgf] uf}r/0f / nugv]ndf dfq xf]Og, /Tgkfs{ nufot zx/sf k|d'v rf]sx?df lj/f]w
k|bz{g hf/L /fV5f}+ .Æ
pQm s'/f g]skf -Pdfn]_sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] cfh b]ze/Lsf ;Dks{ d+r ;+o'Qm
e]nfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf atfpg' ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] lgb]{lzt k|hftGqnfO{ c:jLsf/
ub}{ k"0f{ k|hftGqsf] kIfdf cl3 a9\g cfd sfo{stf{x?nfO{ cfXjfg ug'{eof]
. dxf;lrj g]kfnsf] syg lyof]- æs'g} ;+s]t jf pwf/f] cfZjf;gsf] cfwf/df
cfGbf]ng /f]lsb}g, xfd|f] cfGbf]ng / lj/f]w :j]R5frf/L zf;g / k|j[lQsf lj?4
xf] . hgtfsf] xftdf k"0f{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf lkmtf{ gcfP;Dd cfGbf]ng rln/xG5 .Æ
pQm e]nfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;+rfng ;ldltsf ;+of]hs
e/tdf]xg clwsf/Ln] cfGbf]ngsf] bfo/f b]zJofkL eO/x]sf] / ca k|ltudg k/flht eP/}
5f8\g] atfpg' eof] . g]skf -Pdfn]_sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o Pj+ s]Gb|Lo ;Dks{ ljefu k|d'v
ci6nIdL zfSosf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf ef]ln a}zfv ^ ut] ;Dks{ d+rx?n]
b+ufu|:t If]qsf] cj1f ub}{ h'n'z lgsfNg] sfo{qmd to ePsf] 5 .
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?sf] pRr ;/fxgf
sf7df8f}+ . g]skf -Pdfn]_ pkTosf ;dGjo sld6Lsf] a}7s cfh OGrfh{ cd[ts'df/ af]x/fsf]
cWoIftf / ;xOGrfh{ s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7sf] ;+rfngdf a:of] . a}7sn] k|ltudgsf
lj?4 hf/L ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng clxn] cToGt} pTsif{df k'u]sf] / To;df ;j} ju{, k]zf
/ ;d'bfosf ;+3 ;+u7g / JolQmx?sf] pNn]Vo ;dy{g / ;xeflutfsf] sf/0f cfGbf]ngnfO{
lg0ff{os df]8df k'¥ofPsf] d"Nof+sg ub}{ hf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{ cem z;Qm,
k|efjsf/L / k|lt/f]wL efjgfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . ;fy} a}7sn]
;8s cfGbf]ngdf ;'/IfsdL{sf] Jofks bdg / w/ks8sf lj?4 k|lt/f]wdf pqg] ;a} cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?sf]
pRr ;/fxgf ub}{ cfufdL lbgdf ;d]t n8fs' efjgfsf ;fy lg/Gt/ cfGbf]ngdf nfUg ;a}df
ckLn u¥of] .
a}7sn] lxhf]sf] zflGtk"0f{ sfo{qmdsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng ug{ uPsf ;+rf/sdL{x?dfly
;/sf/sf] lgb]{zgdf k|x/Låf/f ul/Psf] nfl7rfh{, ceb| Jojxf/ / lu/km\tf/Lsf]
eT;{gf u¥of] / cfOGbf k|];dfly o:tf Jojxf/ k'gM gug{ / k|]; :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg
tyf /Iff ug{ ;/sf/sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f u¥of] .
a}7sn] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf qmddf lu/km\tf/ ul/Psf cg]/f:jljo'sf pkfWoIf
eQm u'?ª, k|/fo';+3sf sfo{stf{ k|]d l;njfn, hgdf]rf{sf pkfWoIf lnnfdl0f
kf]v/]n, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;'/]Gb| xdfn nfuotsf cfGbf]ngsf/L g]tf tyf sfo{stf{dfly
nufOPsf] em'7f d'4f tTsfn lkmtf{ lnO pxfFx?nfO{ ;;Ddfg l/xf ug{ dfu u¥of]
. ;fy} a}7sn] lxhf] a]n'sf & ah]lt/ ckx/0fsf] z}nLdf k|bz{gLdfu{af6 lu/km\tf/
ul/Psf cg]/f:jljo' /Tg/fHo SofDk;sf sfo{stf{ lbk]z uf}tdnfO{ tTsfn l/xf ug{
/ zflGtk"0f{?kn] cfGbf]ngdf pq]sf JolQmx?nfO{ c3f]lift 9+un kqmfp ug]{
tyf j]kQf kg]{h:tf sfo{ tTsfn aGb ug{ ;/sf/;+u dfu u¥of] .
o;}u/L kf]v/fdf ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;+of]hg ;ldlt sf:sLsf] cfh g]skf -Pdfn]_ lhNnf
kf6L{ sfof{nodf a;]sf] a}7sn] k|ltudg lj?4 ;+3if{df ;xefuL k|hftGqk|]dLx?dfly
ePsf] ;/sf/L bdg / HofbtLsf] lj?4 j}zfv ^ ut] ljxfg ^ ah]b]lv j}zfv !@ ut] ;fFem
& ah];Dd sf:sL lhNnfe/L ;/sf/L uf8L tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf uf8Lx? rNg glbg]
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
b'O{;o dfgjclwsf/jfbL lu/km\tf/
;sf7df8f}+ . ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf P]Soa4tfsf] nflu /fhwfgLdf pq]sf dfgj clwsf/jfbLx?nfO{
;/sf/n] lu/km\tf/ u/]s]f 5 . lu/km\tf/ x'g]x?df dfgjclwsf/ tyf ;dflhs Gofo d~rsf
cWoIf uf}/L k|wfg, zflGt ;dfhsf cWoIf s[i0f kxf8L, OGx'/]8sf cWoIf 8f= uf]kfns[i0f
l;jfsf]6L, åGå kLl8t ;/f]sf/ s]Gb|sf 8f= ljb'/ j:tL, 8f= dy'/f >]i7
nufot @)) dfgjclwsf/jfbLx? 5g\ . lu/km\tf/L kl5 ;z:q k|x/L ansf] sfof{no xNrf]sdf
n}hfb} ubf{ dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?n] lg/+s'ztGq d'bf{jfbsf] gf/f nufPsf lyP . xNrf]sdf
k'¥ofOPkl5 dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?nfO{ cf-cfkm\gf 3/ hfg elgPsf] lyof] t/ o; s'/fnfO{
cl:jsf/ ub}{ ToxL+ wgf{ a:g] c8fg lnPkl5 k|x/Ln] 6"sdf xfnL kmsf{P/ afnfh'rf]sdf
k'¥ofP/ 5f]8]sf] lyof] . To;kZrft afnfh'rf]saf6} ;'?ePsf] dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?sf]
h'n'; ksgfhf]n, 7d]n x'Fb} /Tgkfs{g} k'u]sf] lyof] / sf]0f;ef ;lxt ;dfKt ePsf]
lyof] .
dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?sf] klxnf] h'n';df k|hfkl/ifbsf cWoIf tyf lhpFbf ;lxb /fdxl/
zdf{ ;d]t k|hftGqsf] nflu ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFnfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]/ k|x/Ln]
3/df nlu 5f]8]sf] lyof] .
cfd z}lIfs x8\tfn ug]{ r]tfjgL
sf7df8f}+ . ;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] k|ltudg lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf lu/ˆtf/
cg]/f:jljo'sf pkfWoIf eQm u'?ª nufotsf bh{gf}+ cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?dfly em'7f
d'4f nufpg] b':;fx; u/]sf]df ;/sf/sf] pQm sbdsf] eT;{gf u/]sf 5g\ . cfh ;DkGg
;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gsf] a}7sn] lu/ˆtf/ ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyL{ / kf6L{ g]tfx?nfO{
ljgfzt{ l/xf ug{ tyf lzIf0f ;+:yfx?df ljBfyL{x?sf] lgjf{w cfjthfjt / k7gkf7gsf]
Uof/]G6L ug{ klg hf]8bf/ dfu u/]sf] 5 .
/fHon] cg]/f:jljo'sf dgf]h rf}w/L, k|sfz sfsL{, sdn dxt, hgs s]=;L=, lbk]z uf}td,
clvn -PsLs[t_ sf cf]jgfy kf08], s[i0f/fh kf08], kf/;afa' lj=s=, rGb|b]j cf]emf,
af;' zdf{, g]lj;+3sf k"j{ dxfdGqL pd]zh+u /fodfemL, cd[t ;'g'jf/, dfwj
9sfn / cg'k clwsf/LnfO{ slyt ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g cGtu{t d'2f rnfpg k'hL{ ydfPsf]
5 . o;}u/L hgdf]rf{sf lnnfdl0f kf]v/]n, kl/ yfkf, dgf]h e§ nufotsf /fhgLlts
g]tf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ lx/f;tdf ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g cGtu{t k'hL{ ydfP/ d'2f nufpg
vf]h]sf] 5 . ef]nL a}zfv ^ ut] !) ah];Dd pNn]lvt dfux? k"/f gu/] ;ft ljBfyL{
;+u7gn] cfGb]fngsf s7f]/ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{ r]tfjgL lbPsf 5g\ .
3f]lift sfo{qmd cg';f/ a}zfv ^ ut] !! ah] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lsf] sfof{nodf
tfnfaGbL ug]{, & ut] b]zJofkL SofDk; k|d'vsf] sfof{nodf tfnfaGbL / dzfn
h'n'z ug]{, * ut] ;Dk"0f{ lzIf0f ;+:Yfdf k|ltudgsf] k'Tnf hnfpg], ( ut]
bËfu|:t If]qsf] cj1f ug]{, !) ut] lzIf0f ;+:yfx? cufl8 cfwf 306f rSsfhfd
ug]{ / !! ut] b]zJofkL Ps lbg] cfd z}lIfs x8\tfn ug]{ ;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] hgfPsf
5g\ .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefuåf/f k|sflzt hgcfGbf]ng
;dfrf/ % j}zfv, @)^! a'n]l6g - !# af6
-hgcfGbf]ng ;dfrf/x?_
lx/f;tdf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ k|x/L4f/f lkl6P
sf7df8f}+, clk|n !^, @))$
cfGbf]ngn] rd/f]Tsif{ lng yfn]kl5 ;/sf/ ;/sf/ ctflng yfn]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df
;/sf/n] lx/f;tdf lnPsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?dfly cfkm\gf k|x/LnfO{ /S;L ;]jg u/fO{
lx/f;tleq} s'6lk6 ug{ v6fPsf] 5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df lxhf] j}zfv # ut] lu/km\tf/ g]tf sfo{stf{x?dfly k|x/Ln] u/]sf] b'Aojxf/k|lt
cfklQ hgfpFb} g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;+rfng ;ldltsf ;+of]hs e/tdf]xg
clwsf/Ln] eGg' ePsf] 5 - æuPsf] /ftL aGbL agfOPsf hgtfsf g]tf, hgcfGbf]ngsf/Lx?dfly
/fHokIfn] u/]sf] b'Jo{jxf/sf] hlt eT;{gf u/] klg yf]/} x'G5 .Æ
pxfFn] cfh Ps lj1lKt hf/L ub}{ eGg'ePsf] 5 - æa}zfv # ut]sf] zflGtk"0f{
k|bz{gdfly ;/sf/n] cfqmd0f u/L afx|;o eGbf a9L cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ lu/ˆtf/
u/]sf]df g]skf -Pdfn]_sf :yfoL sld6L ;b:o cd[ts'df/ af]x/f, O{Zj/ kf]v/]n, s]zj
a8fn, czf]s /fO{ nufot Ps bh{g eGbf a9L s]Gb|Lo ;b:o, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf jof]a[4
g]tf anaxfb'/ /fO{ ;lxt ;'lzn sf]O/fnf, ch{'g g/l;+x s]=;L= nufot Ps bh{g g]tfx?
tyf hgcfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g'ePsf $)) eGbf a9L cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ ;z:q k|x/L ansf]
xnrf]sl:yt s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] uf]7df y'lgPsf] lyof] . ;fFem k/]kl5 a]:;/L cl;gf-kfgL
cf]Ol/+bf ;a} aGbLx? leh] . aGbLx?n] dlxnf aGbLx?sf] plrt a;f]af;sf] dfu u/]
. t/ pgLx?sf] cfu|xk"0f{ cg'/f]wnfO{ lt/:sf/ ub}{ k|x/Lsf] Pp6f x'2fn]
PSsf;L aGbLx?dfly xftkft u/] . /S;L v'afP/ dTofO{Psf k|x/Lx?sf] nf7L, a'6 /
d'8\sLsf] k|xf/n] czQm tyf dlxnf aGbLx?dfly cfqmd0f s]lGb|t x'g yfn]kl5 ;Dk"0f{
aGbL gf/f nufpFb} k|ltsf/df plqP . k|ltsf/df plqPsf aGbLx?sf] uuge]bL gf/fkZrft
cfqmd0fsf/L k|x/LnfO{ ToxfFaf6 cGoq} k7fOof] .
xfd|f] kf6L{ /fHokIfsf] aa{/, cfttfoL bdgsf] eT;{gf ub{5 / aGbL cj:yfdf /xg'ePsf
cfGbf]ngsf/L g]tf, sfo{stf{nfO{ clegGbg ub{5 . ;QfkIfsf] of] c;Eo cfqmd0f lgEg
nfu]sf] 6'sLsf] wLkwLk dfq xf] . clGtd wSsfsf] cfjZostf 5 k|ltudg k/flht x'G5
.
cfGbf]ng ljhoGd'v e}/x]sf] o; 38Ldf cfGbf]ngsf] Hjf/nfO{ b]zJofkL ?kdf ;zQm
Pjd\ h'emf? t'Nofpg ;Dk"0f{ sld6L, sfo{stf{, z'e]R5'sx? Pjd\ tdfd hg;d'bfo;dIf
xflb{s cfXjfg ub{5' .Æ
h'n';sf g]tfx? kqmg k|x/L c;kmn
sf7fdf8f}+ . slyt b+ufu|:t / lgif]lwt If]qsf] cj1f ub}{ cfh kfFr cfGbf]ngsf/L
bnx?sf] cfXjfgdf afuahf/af6 lg:s]sf] xhf/f}+sf] h'n'z 7fpF 7fpFdf k'ln; 3]/f
tf]8\b} e[s'6Ld08kdf k'u]/ ;dfkg ePsf] 5 . afuahf/ If]qsf uNnLuNnLdf lx+l8/x]sf
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;d]t kqmfp u/L k|bz{gnfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ /fHon] bdgsf/L xys08f ckgfPsf]
ePklg cfh /fHo k"0f{tM c;kmn eof] . cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] h'emf? k|bz{gn] k|x/LnfO{
nv]6\g] / 3]/f tf]8]/ cl3 a9\g] u/]/ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ljhof]Gd'v /x]sf] ;Gb]z
k|jfx u/]sf] 5 .
cfhsf] k|bz{gsf] g]t[Tj g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;+rfng ;ldltsf ;+of]hs
e/tdf]xg clwsf/L, :yfoL sld6L ;b:o o'j/fh 1jfnL / g]kfnL sf+u|];sf dxfdGqL ;'lzn
sf]O/fnfn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;'?df afuahf/df h'n'; hDdf x'g] ljlQs} !% ldg]6;Dd
cfGbf]ngsf/L kf6L{sf em08f cufl8 /fv]/ g]tfx? wgf{ a:g'ePsf] lyof] . k'ln;n]
clwstd k|oTg u/]klg pxfFx?nfO{ lu/km\tf/ ug{ ;s]g . pQm h'n';df æ=== ===
rf]/ b]z 5f]8Æ sf] gf/f nfu]sf] lyof] .
k|x/Ln] kb\dsGof SofDk; cl3sf] rf]saf6 ;jf tLgah] tLg 6"s cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{
lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] lyof] . cfh lu/km\tf/ x'g]x?df /fli6"o;efsf ;b:ox? sfzLgfy
clwsf/L, pjf{bQ kGt, jfr:klt b]jsf]6f, nlnt a:g]t, /+ugfy hf]zL, nfnaxfb'/ ljZjsdf{,
dx]zdl0f bLlIft, /fdrGb| e§/fO{, jL/axfb'/ l;+x, /fw]Zofd clwsf/L / lbnaxfb'/
3tL{ nufot !! hgf x'g'x'G5 . pxfFx? ;lxt ljb'/ ;fksf]6f, /fdhL zdf{ / ;'jf;
sdf{rfo{ ;d]tsf !)) hgf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ z;:qk|x/L sfof{no xNrf]sdf /flvPsf]
5 .
xhf/f}+ cfGbf]ngsf/Lsf] ;+ul7t h'n'; cl3 a9]kl5 k'ln;x? nv]l6g yfn]sf lyP .
cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] kb\dsGof SofDk; cufl8 k'ln;sf] klxnf] 3]/f, k'tnL;8s rf]sdf bf];|f]
3]/f, z+s/b]j SofDk; glhs t];|f] 3]/f / kb\df]bo :s'n glhs rf}yf] 3]/f tf]8]
. To;qmddf k'ln;;Fu rsf]{ le8Gt ePsf] lyof] . pQm h'n'z /Tg/fHonIdL SofDk;,
k|bz{gLdfu{df k'u]/ ;dfkg eof] . cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?n] lxhf] ;z:q k|x/L ansf] k|wfgsfof{nodf
lu/km\tf/ g]tf sfo{stf{x?dfly /ftL ePsf] b'Jo{jxf/, ckdfg / cl;gf r'6fOk|lt
cfqmf]; kf]Vb} k|x/Lsf bzj6f 6"sdf 9'+ufd'9f u/L Wj:t kfl/lbPsf 5g\ .
cfh /Tgkfs{l:yt clvn rf]sdf ;of}+ b+uf k|x/Lsf] hTyfn] ;fª\nf] agfO ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
To; If]qd lx+88'n ug{ ;d]t /f]s nufPsf] lyof] . afhahf/sf] d"n;8sdf lg:sg]
k|To]s uNnLdf klg Ps 8]9;osf] ;+Vofdf k|x/L t}gfy lyP .
æk|ltudg lj/f]wL zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf cfh pq]sf] g]kfnL sf+u|];
-k|hftflGqs_ nfO{ xfd|f] kf6L{ xflb{s :jfut ub{5 / k|ltudgnfO{ k/f:t gu/];Dd
;8s cfGbf]ngdf ;fd]n eO/xg cfXjfg u5{ . o;}u/L k|ltudg lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo
;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfonfO{ cem pRr dgf]ansf ;fy cfGbf]ngsf] d}bfgdf 86\g cg'/f]w
ub{5 .Æ g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;+of]hg ;ldltsf ;lrj /fh]Gb|k|;fb
kf08]n] cfh hf/L lj1lKtdf cf}Nofpg'ePsf] 5 .
o;cl3 slyt lgif]wf1f / b+ufu|:t If]qsf] cj1f ub}{ g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] cfof]hgfdf
cfh ljxfg} h'n'; lgl:sPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @), @! / !@ sf
zfvf sld6Lsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ljxfg & ah] nug6f]naf6 ;'? ePsf] h'n'; a|Dx6f]n,
Xo'dt 6f]n x'Fb} sf7df8f}+ u0f]z:yfgdf k'u]/ ;dfkg ePsf] lyof] . ;dfkgsf cj;/df
cfof]lht ;+lIfKt sf]0f;efnfO{ ;+jf]wg ub}{ g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sld6Lsf
;b:o ljBf;'Gb/ zfSo / dg/Tg zfSon] k|ltudgsf lj?4sf] hf/L cfGbf]ngdf sf7df8f}+jf;L
hgtfnfO{ ;lqmotfk"j{s nfUg cfXjfg ug'{eof] .
k"j{k|wfgdGqL b]pjf;lxt Psxhf/ lu/km\tf/
sf7df8f}+ . g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf ;efklt z]/axfb'/ b]pjf, pxfFsL kTgL
8f= cf/h' b]pjf / bh{gf} s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;lxt Ps xhf/ k|bz{gsf/Lx?nfO{ k|x/Ln]
cfh ef]6flx6Laf6 lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 .
;f] kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o 8f= ldg]Gb| l/hfnn] 36gf:ynaf6 lbg'ePsf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/
lu/km\tf/ g]tf sof{stf{x?nfO{ gf}j6f 6"sdf /fvL k|x/Ln] ef]6flx6Laf6 lx/f;tdf
nu]sf] lyof] . lu/km\tf/ x'g] g]tfx?df k|sfzdfg l;+x, ljdn]Gb| lgwL, lgjt{dfg
pk;efd'v lrqn]vf ofbj, ;fu/ zD;]/ /f0ff, a;Gt u'?ª, 6]saxfb'/ rf]Vofn,
8f= k|sfzz/0f dxt, 8f= gf/fo0f v8\sf, afns[i0f vf+8 cflb /xg'ePsf] 5 .
sl/a b'O{xhf/sf] h'n'; lgsfnL cfhb]lv k|ltudg lj?4 gofF r/0fsf] cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf]
g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ sf lu/km\tf/ x'gaf6 hf]luPsf g]tf, sfo{stf{ / h'n'zsf
cGo ;xefuLx? k|x/L x:tIf]kl5 h'n';;lxt ef]6flx6Laf6 gofF ;8stkm{ nfu]sf] klg
8f= l/hfnn] atfpg'eof] .
kfFr kf6L{sf] cfXjfgdf k|ltudg lj?4 ;+rflnt ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf :yfgLo
k|zf;gn] nfu" u/s]f] b+ufu|:t / lgif]lwt If]qsf] cj1f u/L h'n'z lgsfn]/
g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|=_ n] cfGbf]ngsf/L d]frf{nfO{ alnof] kf/]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf]
5 . /fhfaf6 @)%( ;fn c;f]h !* ut] hglgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ c;Ifd
atfP/ ckb:y ul/Psf] lyof] . cfh lu/km\tf/ ePsf g]tf sfo{stf{;d]t $)) hgfnfO{
z;:q k|x/Lansf] sfof{no xNrf]sdf /flvPsf] 5 .
kqsf/x? ;Vt 3fOt] s'6lk6
sf7df8f}+ . cfGbf]ngsf] ;dfrf/ ;+sng ul//x]sf kqsf/x?dfly k|x/Ln] n5f/k5f/ /
s'6lk6 u/]sf] 5 . dx]Gb| k'ln; Sna cufl8 OG;k]S6/ z/b vqLsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf]
k|x/L hTyfn] s'6lk6 ubf{ plh/ du/, ;/f]h bfxfn, :jfut g]kfn, /fdhL bfxfn / uf]kfn
vgfnnfO{ ;Vt 3fOt] agPsf] 5 eg] @^ hgfnfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/L k|x/L k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg
dxf/fhu+hdf /fv]sf] 5 .
/fHon] kqsf/x? dfly u/]sf] cfqmd0f / lu/km\tf/Lsf] g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/
tyf k|sfzg ljefun] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub}{ 3fOt]x?sf] pkrf/ / aGbLx?sf] clanDa l/xfOsf]
dfu u/]sf] 5 .
rqmky k"/} 7Kk
sf7df8f}+ . /fHon] d'Vo zx/leq ;fj{hlgs, dfnjfxs / lghL s'g} uf8L k|j]z ug{
glb+bf cfh sf7df8f}+sf] rqmkydf htftt} To:tf uf8Lx? v8f ePsf] b]lvGYof] . h;n]
ubf{ lbge/ h:tf] rqmky If]q rSsfhfd eO 7Kk /x\of] .
o;/L cToGt} h?/L sfddf cfjt hfjt ug{ rfxg] gful/ssf nflu ;d]t /fhwfgLsf] oftfoft
cj?4 kfg{ :jo+ /fHon] e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
lj/f]w;ef, d;fn h'n'; / rSsf hfd
kf]v/f . g]skf -Pdfn]_ nufotsf kfFr cfGbf]ngsf/L kf6L{n] cfh kf]v/fsf] cd/l;+x
rf]s, kfbL{, dx]Gb|k'n / d':tfËrf]saf6 h'n'; lgsfnL k[YjLrf]sdf k'u]/ cfd;ef
;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ . sl/a %))) sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lj/f]w ;efdf GofosdL{, oftfoft
Joj;foL, lzIfs, k|fWofks, dhb'/ / e"tk"j{ ;}lgs ;+u7gsf tkm{af6 ;+o'Qm
cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf k|s6 ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm ca;/df ;f]dgfy Kof;L, >Lgfy
a/fn, z+s/ a/fn, g/]zz+s/ kflnv], cf]d zdf{ / 8Da/axfb'/ u'?ªn] ;Daf]wg
ug'{eof] .
cfh} :ofËhf ahf/sf] dWo dfuaf6 lgsfn]sf] ljzfn d;fn h'n'; ahf/ kl/qmdf
u/L k|ultgu/df k'u]/ sf]0f;ef ;DkGg eof] . pQm sf]0f;efsf] cWoIftf hgdf]rf{sf
lx/f zfxn] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf af]Nb} g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] tkm{af6 k|]d/fh
kf}8]n / g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf lhNnf sld6L pk;lrj /fdaxfb'/ yfkfn] k|ltudgsf] cGt
geP;Dd cfGbf]ng hf/L /xg] / hgzlQmsf cufl8 h:tf;'s} tfgfzfx klg em'Sg'kg]{ ljZj
Oltxf;n] :ki6 ul/;s]sf ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmd;Fu} :ofËhfdf
cfwf 306f;Dd rSsf hfd klg ePsf] lyof] .
o;}u/L s}nfnLsf] cQl/of rf}/fxfdf lbpF;f] # b]lv $ ah];Dd rSsfhfd u/L sf7df8f}+
s]lGb|t ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf k|s6 ul/Psf] ;dfrf/ 5 . ;fy} /f}tx6sf]
rGb|lgufxk'/df h'n'; ;lxt lj/f]w k|bz{g / sf]0f;ef ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
xjfO{ cfqmd0fdf w]/} ;j{;fwf/0f 3fOt]
c5fd . oxL @)^) r}t #) ut] c5fdsf] ljgfos uflj;l:yt ljBfdlGb/ pRr dfljsf] k|fª\u0fdf
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] Ps sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul//x]sf]df /fHon] x]lnsf]K6/af6 cfqmd0f
u/L y'k|} ;j{;fwf/0fsf] xTof Pj+ c+ue+u kfg]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . pQm 36gfk|lt g]skf
-Pdfn]_ c5fdn] v]b k|s6 u/]sf] 5 .
lhNnf ;lrj e/t ;fpbåf/f hf/L lj1lKtdf dfcf]jfbLn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ hjh{:tL
sfo{qmddf n}hfg] / ;/sf/n] xjfO{ cfqmd0f u/L xTof ug]{ /j}ofn] hgtfsf] afFRg
kfpg] clwsf/sf] 7f8f] pNn+3g ePsf] pNn]v 5 . pxfFn] b'j} kIfnfO{ o:tf 36gf gbf]xf]¥ofpg
klg cfXjfg u'g{ePsf] 5 . :d/0fLo 5 pQm sfo{qmddf dfcf]jfbLn] lhNnfsf ljleGg
7fpFaf6 hjh{:tL ckx/0f u/L nu]sf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] pkl:yltdf pQm sfo{qmd u/]sf]
lyof] . rf/}lt/ kvf{nn] 3]/f xfn]/ Pp6f dfq 9f]sf /flvPsf] x'gfn] 36gf:yndf
xjfO{ cfqmd0f x'Fbf ePsf] efubf}8sf] qmddf w]/} 3fOt] ePsf hgfOPsf] 5 .
g]kfnu~hdf kfFr xhf/sf] h'n';
afFs] . hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf j}zfv # ut] g]kfnu~hdf eJo h'n'z tyf lj/f]w;ef ;DkGg
eof] . :yfgLo jL=kL= rf]saf6 g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o uf]ljGb sf]O/fnfsf]
g]t[Tjdf lg:s]sf] pQm ljzfn h'n'z ;'v]{t/f]8, lj/]Gb|rf]s x'Fb} k'iknfn rf]sdf
k'u]/ ;efdf kl/0ft eof] . pQm ;efdf k|d'v jQmfsf ?kdf s]Gb|Lo sld6L ;b:o uf]ljGb
sf]O/fnfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . g]sf+sf uf]ljGb|axfb'/ >]i7, hgdf]rf{sf
j]bk|;fb cfrfo{, g];kfsf ;Tojlt jdf{, g]dlskfsf lji0f' l;+x / g]skf -Pdfn]_
sf e/tnfn clwsf/L nufotsf jQmfx?n] klg ;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ¥ofnL
tyf ;efdf sl/a %))) sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .
lrtjgdf klg cfGbf]ngn] ult lnof]
o;}u/L lrtjgl:yt lbofnf] kl/jf/ gf/fo0fu9df ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ;+of]hg ;ldlt
lrtjgn] k|hftGqsf] nflu ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ng ljifodf cGt/lqmof cfof]hgf u¥of]
. g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf lhNnf ;lrj b]jL 1jfnLsf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf] ;f] cGt/lqmofdf
dfgjclwsf/, gful/s ;dfh, :yfgLo ;+3 ;+:yfx?, k|fWofks, jlsn, pBf]u jf0fHo ;+3,
gf/fo0fu9, /Tggu/, o'jf ;dfh g]kfn, ;+o'Qm ljBfyL{ ;+u7g, lzIfs ;+u7g, lzIfs
;+3, a'l4hLjL kl/ifb cflbsf %) hgf k|ltlglwx?n] efu lnPsf lyP . ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf
Jofks hg;xeflutf u/fpg pQm cGt/lqmof sfo{qmdsf jQmfx?n] cf-cfkm\gf] tkm{af6
k|lta4tf JoQm u/]sf lyP .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefuåf/f k|sflzt hgcfGbf]ng
;dfrf/ $ j}zfv, @)^! a'n]l6g - !@ af6
hg cfGbf]ng ;dfrf/
cfh afx|;o lu/km\tf/, cfGbf]ng rls{b}5
clk|n !%, @))$
sf7df8f}+ . k|ltudglj?4 /fhwfgLsf] /Tgkfs{df zflGtk"0f{ lj/f]w;ef cof]hgf
ug]{ k"j{ 3f]lift sfo{qmddf /fHon] aa{/ bdg / x:tIf]k u/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{
cfGbf]ng/t kfFr kf6L{sf zLif{ g]tfx?n] ;+jf]wg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;d]t cj?4 u/L ;/sf/n]
cfkm\gf] kmfl;i6 rl/q k|bz{g u/]sf] 5 . /fHon] xfOsdf08sf g]tfx? lul/hfk|;fb
sf]O/fnf, clds z]/rg cflbnfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 eg] gf/fo0fdfg ljh'S5]dfly
lgd{d nf7L rfh{ u/L 3fOt] agfPsf] 5 .
k|ltufdL zfxL ;/sf/n] zflGtk"0f{ lj/f]w k|bz{g ug{ gkfpg] u/L hf/L u/]sf]
lgif]wf1fnfO{ cfh ;zQm 9+un] tf]l8Psf] 5 . kfFr kf6L{sf] k"j{ 3f]lift sfo{qmd
cGtu{t cfh ck/fGx @ ah] Ps} ;dodf sf7df8f}+sf afuahf/, /Tgkfs{, ef]6flx6L, c;g,
Tof}8, Go"/f]8 nufotsf :yfgaf6 xhf/f}+sf] ;xeflutf ;lxtsf] h'n';n] ;/sf/L
lgw]iff1fnfO{ tf]8]sf] lyof] .
ck/fGx @=!% ah] afuahf/af6 lzif{ g]tfx? dfwjs'df/ g]kfn, lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf,
clds z]/rg, gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5] tyf cfgGbL b]jLsf] g]t[Tjdf lg:s]sf] h'n'; k|x/Lsf]
3]/f tf]8\b} /Tgkfs{lt/ cl3 a9]sf] lyof] . xhf/f}+ hgtf ;+nUg /x]sf] pQm ¥ofnLnfO{
Pdfn]sf g]tf cd[ts'df/ af]x/fn] sfFwdf a;]/ dfOsaf6 ;+jf]wg ;d]t ug'{ePsf] lyof]
. o;cl3 ck/fGx @ ah] c;gaf6 g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf g]tfx?sf] cu'jfOdf lgl:sPsf] csf]{
h'n'; cg;gkfs{df cfOk'Ubf k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k u/]sf] lyof] .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnnfO{ eg] afuahf/df klxnf] k6s k|x/Ln]
cfkm\gf] sAhfdf lnO;s]kl5 sfo{stf{x?n] le8]/ lkmtf{ lng ;kmn eP . To;qmddf k|x/L;Fu
ePsf] le8Gtdf nIdL 8+uf]n 6fpsf]df rf]6 nflu a]xf]; x'g'ePsf] 5 eg] Pshgfsf]
cfFvfdf rf]6 nfu]sf] 5 . /ljGb| clwsf/L, lx/0os'df/ u'Ktf / w|'j uf}td nufotsf
o'jf g]tfx? 3fOt] x'g'ePsf] 5 . tt\kZrft pxfF sl/a 8]9xhf/sf] h'n'z g]t[Tj u/]/
z+s/b]j SofDk; glhs vl;ahf/df k'Ug'x'Fbf k|x/Ln] bf];|f]k6s x:tIf]k u/L kqmg
vf]Hof] t/ ;kmn ePg . To;qmddf dgf]x/ kf]v/]n nufotsf b'OhgfnfO{ k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/
u/]sf] 5 ..
/fHon] cfh lbge/ /Tgkfs{ cf;kf; / afhahf/b]lv k'tnL;8s rf]s If]qdf sl/a tLgxhf/
k|x/L t}gfy u/L cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?dfly lx6n/L bdg u/]sf] 5 . g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf g]tf
cd[ts'df/ af]x/f, O{Zj/ kf]v/]n, s]zj a9fn, czf]s /fO{, eLd /fjn, ci6nIdL zfSo,
z+s/ kf]v/]n, s[i0fuf]kfn >]i7, /fh]Gb| >]i7, x]d/fh /fO{ / /3'jL/ dxf;]7,
uf]s0f{ lji6, nufot hLjg/fd >]i7, gf/fo0f l;njfn, a;Gt dfgGw/, uf]s'n 3tL{,
lszf]/ dNn, e}/j /fjn, dx]z a:g]t, k|]d l;njfn, ;'bz{g ld>, /fh]Gb|dfg >]i7
cflb cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ /fHon] lu/km\tf/ u/]s]f 5 . ;fy} u+ufnfn t'nfw/, eLd
s];L, ;f+;b nIdLbf; dfgGw/, k'/]Gb|ljqmd nfv], pd]z s'Os]n, b]j/fh Gof}kfg],
/fh' zdf{, gj/fh k'8f;}gL, lks] /fO{, huGgfy g]kfn, k|tfknfn >]i7, o'j/fh
a/fn, dx]Gb|ljnf; hf]zL, pd]z emf, dLgf >]i7, /fds'df/L emfFqmL, ljdnf dfgGw/,
Ohg a/fn, OGb|nfn ;fksf]6f, xf]dgfy ;fksf]6f, ofbj a:g]t, x:t kl08t, /fhf/fd
k'8f;}gL, z'lzn JoGhgsf/, eb|axfb'/ a:g]t, emsaxfb'/ kf}8]n, x:taxfb'/ zfxL,
v8\u pk|]tL, ljlkg v8sf, l8lNnk|;fb clwsf/L, ;flxg tfdfª, >L/fd sfsL{,
dbg b]pnf, OGb|dl0f k/fh'nL, /fwfs[i0f cfrfo{, bfdf]b/ 8+uf]n, ljsf; sfsL{ /
gf/fo0f skfnL nufotsf g]tf sfo{stf{x? klg lu/km\tf/ x'g'ePsf] 5 . cfh lu/km\tf/
x'g]x?sf] ;+Vof sl/a !@)) /x]sf] 5 .
dlxnfx? clvnrf]sdf wgf{ a:bf k'?if k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/ ug{ vf]h]sf lyP . wgf{sf/Ln]
dlxnf k|x/lsf] dfu u/] . t/ ToxfF dlxnf k|x/L gNofO{ k'?if k|x/Ln] g} n5f/k5f/
ub}{ @% hgf dlxnfx?nfO{ lu/km\tf/ ul/of] . wgf{sf/Lx?n] nf7L k|xf/sf afah'b
k|x/Lsf] 3]/f tf]8] eg] dfnafxs 6"sdf hah{:t sf]lrPsf ;fyLx?nfO{ ;d]t aflx/
lgsfNg ;kmn eP . To;qmddf lbge/ le8Gt hf/L /x\of] .
Ps;o k|fWofks lu/km\tf/
sf7df8f}+ . ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hfx]/ ub}{ g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3n] cfh
lgsfn]sf] h'n';df k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k u/]sf] 5 . lbpF;f] ! ah] ef]6flx6Laf6 lg:s]sf]
!!)) k|fWofksx? ;lDdlnt pQm h'n';df x:tIf]k u/L ;+3sf cWoIf vu]Gb| e§/fO{,
a;Gtnfn >]i7, 8f= sdns[i0f hf]zL, 8f= d+unl;l4 dfgGw/+ nufot !)) eGbf a9L
k|fWofksnfO{ lu/km\tf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
jfddf]rf{nfO{ wGojfb, g]sf+ -k|=_ k|lt P]Soa4tf
sf7df8f}+ . g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;+rfng ;ldltsf ;+of]hs e/tdf]xg
clwsf/Ln] cfh Ps lj1lKt k|sflzt u/L g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ n] ef]lnb]lv
;'? ug]{ cfGbf]ngk|lt hf]8bf/ P]Soa4tf k|s6 ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] ;f] kf6L{nfO{
klg kfFrbnåf/f ;+rflnt cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g cfXjfg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pQm
lj1lKtdf ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngk|lt ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] k|bz{g u/]sf] P]Soa4tfk|lt
xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ul/Psf] 5 .
æg]kfnL hgtfsf] xftdf k'gM ;fj{ef}d;Qf Nofpg / hgclwsf/ lkmtf{ u/fpg clxn]
;+;bleqsf kfFr bnsf] ;+rfngdf ;+o'Qm / zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng k|efjsf/L
?kdf rln/x]sf] 5 . of] hgcfGbf]ngdf clxn] ljleGg tx, ;d'bfo / k]zfsf hgtfx?
Jofks?kdf ;fd]n eO/x]sf 5g\ / ;fFrf] cy{df cfGbf]ng clxn] hgcfGbf]ngsf ?kdf
lj:tf/ e}/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{n] cfGbf]ngsf] 3]/fnfO{ cem km/flsnf] kfg{ /
cfGbf]ngdf ;a}nfO{ ;xefuL agfpg g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{nfO{
;d]t cfGbf]ngsf/L 36ssf ?kdf ;fd]n ug]{ s'/fdf kfFr bnsf] a}7sdf hf]8 lbb} cfPsf]
5 . cfGbf]ngnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg cfGbf]ngsf] 3]/f lj:tf/ ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf
xfd|f] kf6L{ ljz]if hf]8 lbg rfxG5 .
r}q !( ut]b]lv cfGbf]ng gofF ultsf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . of] cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljleGg
k]zf, ;d'bfo / /fhgLlts bn tyf JolQmx?n] ;dy{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df oxL
a}zfv @ ut] ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] jt{dfg cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soj4tf hgfpg ;/sf/L lgif]wf1f
tf]8\b} sf7df8f}+df h'n'z k|bz{g u/]sf] 5 . ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{n] k|bz{g u/]sf]
o; P]Soj4tfnfO{ :jfut ub}{ xfd|f] kf6L{ ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{k|lt wGojfb 1fkg ub{5
.
o;}u/L j}zfv $ ut] g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_n] zfxL k|ltudg lj?4 ;/sf/L lgif]wf1f
tf]8\b} z'? ug]{ cfGbf]ngn] klg k|ltudg lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpF5
. xfd|f] kf6L{ g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ n] ef]ln b]lv z'? ug{ nfu]sf] cfGbf]ngk|lt
hf]8bf/ P]Soj4tf k|s6 ub{5 / g]kfnL sf+u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ nfO{ klg kfFr bnåf/f
;+rflnt cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g cfXjfg ub{5 .Æ lj1lKtdf cf}NofOPsf] 5 .
k|x/L x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w
sf7df8f}+ . g]kfn 6"]8 o'lgog sf+u|];, g]kfn 6"]8o'lgog dxf;+3 / k]zfut
dxf;+3 g]kfnn] % bnsf] cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hfx]/ ub}{ cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg sfo{qmddf
;s[o ;xefuL x'g] lg0f{o ;lxt cfGbf]ngdf plq/x]sf 5g\ . o;} ;Gbe{df oL tLgj6}
dxf;+3x?n] u/]sf] ;+o'Qm lg0f{o cg';f/ ljleGg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg, a}ls+u If]q nufot
ljleGg k|lti7fgdf cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hfx]/ ub}{ Jofg/ ;d]t 6fF:g] sfo{ eO/x]sf]
5 .
oL 6"]8 o'lgog dxf;+3x? / k]zfut dxf;+3n] ;Dj}wflgs xssf] pkof]u ub}{ cfkm\gf
ultljlw cufl8 a9fO/x]sf a]nf cfh cgfo; k|x/Ln] s[lif ljsf; a}+s, /fli6"o
jfl0fHo a}+s, g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg, g]kfn b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg nufotsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?df
k|j]z u/L ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] P]Soa4tf hgfpb} 6f+;]sf Aofg/x? RofTg] sfo{ u/]sf]df
;fj{hlgs ;+:Yffgdf k|j]z u/L k|x/Ln] u/]sf] To:tf] ck|hftflGqs / u}/ lhDd]jf/k"0f{
sfo{sf] g]kfn 6"]8 o'lgog sf+u|];, g]kfn 6"]8 o'lgog dxf;+3 / k]zfut
dxf;+3 g]kfnn] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf u/]sf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx?sf] k|f+u0fdf ePsf] k|x/L x:tIf]k / To;df ;DalGwt Joj:yfkg
d'sbz{s ePsf]df tLgj6f dxf;+3n] k|x/L x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]wdf Aofg/ RofltPsf k|lti7fgx?df
Joj:yfkg ;dIf s8f lj/f]w hgfpg] / cGo k|lti7fgx?df klg To;sf] lj/f]w ug]{ lg0f{o
u/]sf] 5 . To;sf ;fy} Aofg/ RofltPsf k|lti7fgdf k'gM csf]{ Aofg/ 6f+:g] / Aofg/
6f+l; g;s]sf k|lti7fgx?df ;L3|lt;L3| 6f+:g] / P]Soa4tf:j?k Aofg/ 6f+:g] sfo{nfO{
k|To]s OsfO{ OsfO;Dd k'¥ofpg] ;d]t lg0f{o ul/Psf] hgfOPsf] 5 .
kfFr /fhgLlts bnåf/f ;~rflnt cfGbf]ngk|lt cfkm"x?sf] P]Soa4tf c6'6?kdf
/xg] ;d]t g]kfn 6"]8 o'lgog dxf;+3sf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;lrj sljGb|z]v/ l/dfn,
k]zfut dxf;+3 g]kfnsf ;lrj k|]dn vgfn / g]kfn 6"]8 o'lgog sf+u|];sf dxf;lrj
cRo't/fh kf08]åf/f cfh hf/L ul/Psf] ;+o'Qm k|]; lj1lKtdf hgfOPsf] 5 .
o;}aLr k|x/Låf/f Aofg/ lemSg] / RofTg] sfd u/]sf]df /fli6"o afl0fHo
a}+s s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf To;sf] lj/f]w :j?k cem 7"nf] Aofg/ 6fF;]/ ljxfg
( b]lv !) ;Dd Ps306f wgf{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] .
u[xdGqLsf] lhNnf cfGbf]ngn] tfTof]
dsjfgk'/ . ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] /fkdf u[xdGqL sdn yfkfs} lhNnf ;d]t tft]sf]
5 / k|ltudg lj?4 d;fn p7fPsf] 5 . lxhf] cfof]lht d;fn h'n';df k|x/Laf6 ePsf]
lgd{d bdgdf Ps bh{g cfGbf]ngsf/Lx? 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . bdgkZrft klg k|x/Lsf] 3]/f
tf]8\b} d;fn h'n'; lg:s]sf] lyof] / xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf hgtf ;xefuL ePsf lyP
. x]6f}+8f d]g/f]8nfO{ cfwf 306f;Dd sAhfdf lnP/ sf]0f;ef ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefuåf/f k|sflzt hgcfGbf]ng
;dfrf/ # j}zfv, @)^! a'n]l6g - !! af6
hd{gLsf g]kfnL4f/f zflGtk|Hjlnt
z/0f s];L
ˆo|f+skm6{ clk|n !%, @))$
hd{gLsf] k|mof+skm6{df /x]sf g]kfnLx?sf] ;+u7g dfpG6 Pe/]i6n] ut clk|n !) tfl/vsf
lbg Ps ;o Ps bLk k|Hjlnt u/L gofF aif{ @)^! ;fnsfnflu zflGtsf] sfdgf u/]sf 5g\
.
sfo{qmdsf k|d'v clylt hd{gLsf nflu g]kfnL dxfjfl0fHob"t /fdk|tfk yfkfn]
ljb]zdf a:g] ;a} g]kfnLx?n] b]z ljsf;sf nflu Ps h'6 eP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg''
cfu|x ug'{'eof] .
To;}u/L hd{gl:yt g]kfnL /fhb"tfaf;sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ e'k]Gb| l3ld/]n]
klg z'esfdgf dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .
pQm sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj dfpG6 Pe/]i6 ;+u7gsf ;+of]hs lbks /fO{n] ug'{ePsf] lyof]
. /fO{n] pQm cj;/df ljb]zdf ul/Psf] o; k|sf/sf] zflGt sfo{qmdn] :jb]zdf zflGt
:yfkgf ug]{ sfddf g}lts bjfj lbg ;lsg] atfpg'eof] .
o; sfo{qmd ;+of]hgsf nflu lji0f' uf}rg, w'|a / lgdf /fO{n] ljz]if ;xof]u k'/¥ofpg'ePsf]
lyof] eg] sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng v8\u Gof}kfg]n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
hd{gLs} csf]{ zx/df klg gofF jif{
hd{g
o;}u/L hd{gLs} afg] Osn zx/df klg Ps ;o krf; eGbf a9L g]kfnLx? / hd{gLx?;d]tsf]
;xeflutfdf gofF jif{ ;fFem dgfPsf 5g\ .
pQm cj;/df g]kfnL gofF jif{sf] pknIodf k/b]zLPsf g]kfnLx?n] gofF aif{sf] Psfk;df
z'esfdgf JoQm u/]sf lyP .
;f] sfo{qmdsf ;+of]hs ljhon] pkl:ylt ;a}nfO{ gj aif{sf] z'esfdgf lbb}+ hd{gLdf
x's]{sf g]kfnL afnaflnsfx?nfO{ klg g]kfnL snf ;+:s[ltsf] ljifodf kl/lrt u/fpg'
ckl/xfo{ /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . gofF jif{s} z'esfdgf lbg] qmddf csf{ jQmf ptd a:g]tn]
g]kfnL laqmd ;Dat\sf] k|rng / of] laqmd ;Djt\ g]kfnL /fli6|otfsf] k|tLs xf]
eGb} To;sf] dxTjdfly k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] lyof] .
pQm cj;/df dfwj n'OF6]n, af/a/f k|mfpljn / lk6/ 8fFuLn] klg pkl:ylt ;a}nfO{
gofF jif{sf] z'esfdgf lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
g]kfnL snf, ;+:s[ltsf] hu]gf{ ug]{ x]t'n] ljleGg e]ife";fdf ;f]gL t'nfrg
/ rf;'df /fO{sf] g]kfnL g[To k|bz{gn] g]kfnLTjsf] /fd|f] ememNsf] lbPsf] b]lvGYof]
.
o;}u/L sfo{qmddf c?0ff dfgGw/, d~h' tfdfª / cf/tL l3ld/]n] klg g[To k|:t't
u/]sf lyP eg] sfo{qmdsf] csf]{ cfsif{0f k|jf;L g]kfnLx?sf] ;f+uLlts ;d'x lbks
nfdf / /d]z >]i7n] cfkm\gf] k|ltef k|:t't ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP .
b]zsf] jt{dfg kl/l:ylt / To;af6 l;lh{t eofeo l:yltn] cfh g]kfnL cfdfsf ;Gtfgx?
cfh xHhf/f}+ sf]if 6f8f cfkm\gf] gf}nf] eljiosf] ;kgf af]Sb} ljb]lzg'k/]sf]
atfpFb} sfo{qmd ;~rfns z/0f s];Ln] cfuGt's ;a} :jb]zL tyf ljb]zLx?nfO{ ;d]t
gofF jif{sf] z'esfdgf lbg'ePsf] lyof] .
o; sfo{qmdsf] ;+of]hgsf nflu h]D; /fO{, xf]d zdf{, sljtf / a|f]qmg ;d'xsf] ljz]if
;lqmotf /x]sf] lyof] .
cfGbf]ngsf/L k|f1x?n] /fhf/fgLsf] t:jL/ hnfP
sf7df8f}+, clk|n !$, @))$
sf7df8f}+ . zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL kfFr /fhgLlts bnx¿sf]
g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_ sf] sfof{no lqk'/]Zj/df ;DkGg ;j{bnLo a}7sn]
g]tf nLnfdl0f kf]v/]n, k/L yfkfnufotsf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff
sfg"g cGtu{t k"hL{ lbg'nfO{ if8\oGqsf] uDeL/ s8L 7fg]sf] 5 . a}7sn]
pQm sfg'gsf k"hL{x¿ ab/ u/L, lu/km\tf/ g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿sf]
;-;Ddfg l/xfO{sf] dfu u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL sf+u]|;sf ;efklt lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf, g]skf -Pdfn]_sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/
g]kfn, hgdf]rf{ g]kfnsf cWoIf clds z]/rg, g]dlskfsf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg ljh'S5]
/ g]=;=kf= -cfgGbLb]jL_sf pkfWoIf e/tljdn ofbj ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] pQm a}7sn] ef]ln
j}zfv # ut] lbp";f] @ ah] /Tgkfs{df x'g] k"j{3f]lift ljzfn ;efdf ;xefuL
x'g ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfodf xflb{s cfx\jfg u/]sf] 5 .
pQm ;j{bnLo a}7ssf lg0f{ox¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf a9\b} uO/x]sf] Jofks hg;dy{gaf6 cQflnP/
jt{dfg c;+j}wflgs ;/sf/ ;'lgof]lht if8\oGq / xys08fdf gf+uf] ¿kdf cf]ln{Psf]
5 . kfFr /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf km"6
kfg]{ / cfGbf]ng dfly bdgrqm rnfpg] s'r]i6f:j¿k zflGtk"0f{ cj1f
sfo{qmdaf6 lu/km\tf/ hgdf]rf{, g]kfnsf nLnfd0fL kf]v]|n, k/L yfkf, x/L cfrfo{,
/ZdL/fh g]kfnL, k]zn vltj8f, xl/ZrGb| lu/L, 7fs'/ 9sfn, zQmdfg a'9f, jf;' zdf{,
eLd nfdf, kf/; lj=s= / g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3sf s'Gbg/fh sfkm\n], /fhs'df/ 9'Ëfgf
/ ;Gtf]if kf08]nufot y'k|} cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff sfg"g
cGtu{t k"hL{ lbg'nfO{ xfdLn] o:tf] if8\oGqsf] Pp6f uDeL/ s8L 7fg]sf 5f}+
. c;+j}wflgs, ck|hftflGqs ;/sf/sf ;a} ldYof Pj+ skf]nslNkt cf/f]k / nf~5gfsf]
3f]/ eT;{gf ub}{ cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿ lj¿4sf pQm cfb]z / ;'/Iff sfg"gsf
k"hL{x¿ ab/ u/L lu/km\tf/ g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;-;Ddfg
l/xfO{sf] dfu ub{5f}+ .
@= zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf bf}/fg g]tf, sfo{stf{, k]zfut ;d"x,
a'l4hLjL / dlxnf ;d]tnfO{ n5f/k5f/ ub}{ lu/km\tf/ u/L kl/jf/hg;Fu e]6 ug{ glbO{
c1ft:yfgdf n'sfpg] / cdfgjLo 9+un] y'gfdf /fVg] ck|hftflGqs / lg/+s'z z}nL /fHon]
ckgfPsf] 5 . /fHosf] o; k|sf/sf] lqmofsnfksf] eT;{gf ub}{ lu/km\tf/ cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{
;fj{hlgs u/L tTsfn l/xf ug{ / lx/f;tdf dfgjLo Jojxf/ ug{ xfdL k'gM hf]8 lbG5f}+
.
#= c;+j}wflgs ;/sf/n] æcfd lgjf{rgsf ljifodf cfGbf]ngsf/L bnx¿;Fu
leqleq} s'/fsfgL eO/x]sf]Æ eGg] h:tf lgMtfGt skf]nslNkt / e|fds s'/f ;fj{hlgs
u/]sf] k|lt s8f cfklQ k|s6 ub}{ cfd lgjf{rgsf] rrf{ c;+j}wflgs ;/sf/sf] ;Qf
nDAofpg] if8\oGq xf] eGg] s'/f k'gM k|i6 ub{5f}+ .
$= k|ltudglj¿4 @)^! j}zfv # ut] lbpF;f] @ ah] /Tgkfs{df x'g] elgPsf]
k"j{3f]lift ljzfn ;efdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu xfdL ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfodf
xflb{s cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ .
%= k|ltudg lj¿4sf] lj/f]w tyf cj1fsf] lgoldt sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5
. o;nfO{ ;zQm agfpg k|ltudglj¿4sf b]zJofkL lj/f]w / cj1fsf sfo{qmdnfO{
k|efjsf/L 9+un] lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] xsdf ;a} gu/kflnsfsf ;a}
jf8{x¿df :yfgLo:t/df ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf ;zQm sfo{qmdx¿ ;+rfng
ul/g]5 .
^= zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf Jofks ;xof]u, ;dy{g / ;xeflutfsf nflu
cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ . To; qmddf ;/sf/åf/f ;+rf/sdL{x¿dfly ul/Psf]
bdg, ceb| Jojxf/, cGw, ckfËx¿dflysf] b'Jo{jxf/ Pj+ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf
P]Soa4tf bzf{pg ;8sdf plqPsf lrlsT;s, a'l4hLjL, cGw, ckfË, k]zfut ;d"xsf
JolQm //fhgLlts JolQmTjx¿n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] h'n';df ePsf] ;/sf/L bdg /
x:tIf]ksf] 3f]/ lgGbf ub}{ cfufdL sfo{qmdx¿df cem yk ;xof]u, ;dy{g /
;xeflutfsf nflu k'gM xflb{s cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ .
/fhf-/fgLsf] kmf]6f] hnfOof]
sf7df8f}+ . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf @( j6f ljefudf 6fFluPsf] /fhf-/fgLsf] kmf]6f]
lgsfnL af}l4s ;d'bfon] hnfOlbPsf] 5 . pQm ljZjljBfnosf] s"nklt /x]sf /fhfn]
k|ltudgsf] gfOs]sf] e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf]n] /fhf-/fgLsf kmf]6f] hnfOPsf] atfOPsf]
5 . af}l4s ;d'bfosf] hf]8 5-…k|ltudgsf gfOs]nfO{ ljZjljBfnosf] s"nklt
dfGb}gf}+ .Ú
laxfg}b]lv h'n'; / lu/km\tf/L
sf7df8f}+ . k|ltufdL ;/sf/n] nufPsf] c;+j}wflgs lgif]wf1fsf] cj1f ub}{ cfh lbpF;f]
@ ah] afuahf/af6 lgl:sPsf] h'n';df b'O{ ;oeGbf a9L cfGbf]ngsf/L g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{
k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 . afuahf/af6 cl3 a9]sf] h'n'; /Tgkfs{df k'u]kl5 k|x/Ln]
g]skf -Pdfn]_ :yfoL ;ldltsf ;b:o s]=kL= cf]nL, s]Gb|Lo ;b:o /3'jL/ dxf;]7, /fli6"o
;efsf ;b:o nlnt a:g]t, k"j{ ;f+;bx¿ uf]/vaxfb'/ af]u6L, tLyf{ uf}td,
k|/fo';+3sf g]tfx¿ eLd s]=;L=, k|bLk s6'jfn, ul/df zfx, k]|d l;njfnnufot
g]skf -Pdfn]_sf sfo{stf{x¿ k]|ds[i0f kf7s, dfwj cof{n, s]bf/ l;jfsf]6L,
k|sfz k+u]gL, xl/k|;fb 9'+ufgf, l8NnL clwsf/Lnufot sl/a @ ;o hgfnfO{ lu/km\tf/
u/L ;z:q k|x/L sfof{no xnrf]sdf /flvPsf] 5 .
o;cl3 cfh laxfg kf6gdf ;/sf/L lgif]wf1fsf] cj1f ub}{ h'n'; lgl:sPsf] 5 . g]skf
-Pdfn]_ nlntk'/sf ;lrj dw';'bg kf}8]nsf] g]t[Tjdf kf6gsf] Tofunaf6 ;'¿
ePsf] h'n'; ufjxfn, d+unahf/ x'Fb} nugv]ndf k'Ubf k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k u/]sf] lyof]
. To;qmddf g]skf -Pdfn]_sf g]tf tyf lhlj;sf k"j{ ;efklt dfwj kf}8]n, lhlj;sf
k"j{ ;b:o s]bf/ s]=;L= / hgdf]rf{sf bLk]Gb| >]i7nfO{ k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/
u/]sf] 5 .
ef]ln j}zfv # ut] lbpF;f] @ ah] /Tgkfs{df kfFr kf6L{sf zLif{ g]tfx¿n]
;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] k|rf/-k|;f/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df cfh laxfg sf7df8f}+, nlntk'/
/ eQmk'/sf !! :yfgdf g]skf -Pdfn]_sf] cfof]hgfdf sf]0f;efx¿ ;DkGg ePsf
5g\, tL sf]0f;efnfO{ kf6L{sf ljleGg :t/sf g]tfx¿n] ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ pkTosf ;dGjo sld6Lsf] cfh ;DkGg a}7sn] ef]lnsf a[xb lj/f]w k|bz{gdf
clgjfo{ ¿kn] ;xefuL aGg kf6L{ sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ cfx\jfg u/]sf] 5
. /, ef]lnsf] k|zb{gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljz]if of]hgfx¿ ;d]t lgdf{0f
u/]sf] hgfOPsf] 5 .
k"j{b]lv klZrdsf zx/df k;L{ P]Soa4tf ¥ofnL
sf7df8f}+ . d'n'sdf ;+rflnt hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hgfpg k]zfsdL{ gful/s ;dfhsf]
cfof]hgfdf lxhf] /fhwfgLdf ePsf] zflGtk"0f{ df}g h'n';df k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k
u/L To;df cfa4 ;+3÷;+u7gsf kbflwsf/L / krf;f}+ a'l4hLjLx¿nfO{
n5f/k5f/ ub}{ lu/km\tf/ u/]sf]df k]zfut dxf;+3, g]kfnn] 3f]/ lgGbf / eT;{gf
u/]sf] 5 .
;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hgfpg k]zfut dxf;+3, g]kfn, g]kfn 6]"8 o'lgog
dxf;+3 / g]kfn 6]"8 o'lgog sf+u]|;sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf j}zfv % ut] ljleGg
k|d'v zx/x¿df P]Soa4tf ¥ofnLsf] cfof]hgf ul/g] ePsf] 5 .
h;cg';f/ sf7df8f}+, latf{df]8, la/f6gu/, O6x/L, hgsk'/, aL/u~h, x]6f}+8f, gf/fo0fu9,
a'6jn, kf]v/f, g]kfnu~h, wgu9L / dx]Gb|gu/df P]Soa4tf ¥ofnL x'g] ePsf] 5
.
ef]ln zflGt ;dfhsf] wgf{
sf7df8f}+ . zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf bf}/fg ;/sf/åf/f kqmfp
u/L ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff P]g cGtu{t y'gfdf /flvPsf k"j{ ;f+;båo nLnfd0fL
kf]v/]n, xl/ cfrfo{ tyf ljBfyL{x¿ s'Gbg sfkm\n], /fhs'df/ 9'+ufgf, ;Gtf]if
kf08] / /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿ k]zn vltj8f, xl/ZrGb| lu/L, /ZdL/fh g]kfnL,
7fs'/ 9sfn, ;Qmdfg a'9f, afz' zdf{, eLd nfdf tyf kf/; lj=s= u/L !# hgfnfO{ dfgj
clwsf/ tyf zflGt ;dfhn] cf:yfsf aGbLx¿ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 .
k|hftflGqs k2ltsf nflu zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf ljrf/ / cleJolQm k|s6 ug]{
qmddf ;+3if{df plqPsf pk/f]Qm !# hgf nufot zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ngsf bf}/fg
kqmfp ul/Psf cGo ;a}sf] lagfzt{ l/xfO{ tyf k|ltudgsf] lj/f]w / zflGtk"0f{
;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{gdf zflGt ;dfhn] j}zfv # ut] !! ah] k'tnL;8ssf] kßf]bo
df]8df wgf{÷k|bz{gsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 .
lbge/ ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|lt/f]wfTds ;+3if{
sf7df8f}+ . ;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] k|ltudglj¿4 k|lt/f]wfTds, ljlzi6 / c3f]lift
sf/jfxLsf] qmdnfO{ cfh lbge/ cl3 a9fPsf 5g\ . o;qmddf /fHon] cg]/f:jljo'sf ;lrjfno
;b:o /fhg /fO{nufot @% hgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ kqmfp u/L ;z:q k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no
xnrf]sdf k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
kz'klt SofDk; rfjlxn, /Tg/fHo SofDk; k|bz{gLdfu{, g]kfn sdz{ SofDk; dLgejg,
afg]Zj/ SofDk;, kßsGof SofDk;, cd[t ;fOG; SofDk;, ;/:jtL ax'd'vL SofDk;,
dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk;-tfxrn / s]Gb|Lo SofDk; sLlt{k'/df laxfg}b]lv cfGbf]ngsf/L ljBfyL{sf]
k|x/L;Fu eL8Gt k/]sf] lyof] . rfjlxnsf] Pl/ofdf cfh ;fFem ANofs cfp6sf] sfo{qmd
/x]sf] 5 .
gfRb}, ufpFb}, d'Qms ;'gfpFb} ¥ofnL
kf]v/f . ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hgfpFb} cfh kf]v/fdf slj, snfsf/ / ;flxTosf/x¿n]
gfRb}, ufpFb} / d'Qms ;'gfpFb} k|ltudgsf] lj/f]w u/]sf 5g\ . rfn" cfGbf]ngsf
qmddf slj-snfsf/x¿n] oxfF lgsfn]sf] of] klxnf] lj/f]w ¥ofnL xf] .
k[YjLrf]saf6 lg:s]sf] pQm h'n'; l;h{gf rf]s x'Fb} dx]Gb|k'ndf k'u]/ ;dfkg ePsf]
lyof] .
o;}u/L e}/xjfdf a'4rf]saf6 lg:s]sf] xhf/f}+sf] h'n'; gu/kl/qmdf u/L ldng rf]sdf
k'u]/ sf]0f;efdf kl/0ft eof] . pQm ;efdf Pdfn]sf e/t kf]v/]n, g]kfnL sf+u]|;sf
afa'/fd /fgf, hgdf]rf{sf nIdLsfGt kf}8]n / ;b\efjgf -cfgGbLb]jL_sf cfgGb u'Ktfn]
;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefuåf/f k|sflzt hgcfGbf]ng
;dfrf/ @ j}zfv, @)^! a'n]l6g - !) af6
;fpbL c/adf gofF jif{
Od]naf6
clk|n !$, @))$
rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfn ;+:yfsf] tTjfjwfgdf oxfF a:g] g]kfnLx?n] Ps ef]hsf]
sfo{qmd u/L gofF jif{ dgfPsf 5g\ .
gofF jif{ dgfpgsf nflu c/ljon kmfn sDkgL pw]lnof k|f]h]S6df sfo{/t g]kfnLx?n]
lbn km"sfP/ cfkm'v';L ? %)) b]lv ? #^)) ;Dd rGbf pknAw u/fpg' ePsf] lyof]
. ef]h v'jfpgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]x?df c/ljog kmfn sDkgLsf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?
nfluk/]sf lyP . pQm gofF jif{sf] sfo{qmddf cGo l5d]sL b]zsf gful/sx?nfO{ klg
cfdGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
sl/j @ 306f ;Dd rn]sf] ef]h kZrft rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfn4f/f cfof]lht z'esfdgf
cfbfg k|bfg tyf kl/rofTds sfo{qmddf sl/j !& sDkgLdf sfo{/t g]kfnLx? g]kfnL
kg emNsg] u/]/ k|fo g]kfnL kf]zfsdf pkl:yt x'g' ePsf lyP . sl/j #M#) 306f;Dd
rn]sf] pQm sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfnsf ;+:yfks ;b:o tyf rf}tf/L
;d"x g]kfn s]lGb|o af]8{sf cWoIf z+s/ yfkfn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] sfo{qmddf
:jfut dGtAo rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfnsf ;+:yfks ;b:o tyf s]lGb|o pkfWoIf o"j/fh
u'?Ën] lbg' ePsf] lyof] . ;+:yfsf] cfo Aoo, ;b:otf / jf]8{;DaGwL hfgsf/L
rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfnsf ;+:yfks ;b:o tyf s]Gb|Lo pk ;lrj bfdf]b/ 9'Ëfgfn]
k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL pkl:yt bfh'efOx?nfO{ lrofkfg ;df/f]xdf
;l/s rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfnsf e"=k" ;lrj tyf s]lGb|o ;Nnfxsf/ dfg
-w'j{_ xdfn / rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfn kflIfs vj/ klqsfsf ahf/ Aoj:yfks s'df/
u'?Ën]ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . cfj4tf k|df0f kq, ;b;:otf sf8{ ljt/0fsf] cleef/f
rf}tf/L kflIfs vj/ klqsfsf kj{" k|wfg ;Dkfbs tyf rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfnsf
s]lGb|o ;lrj lrh s'df/ >]i7n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos
;/;dfg :yfg cflb rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfnsf ;+:yfks ;b:o tyf rf}tf/L kflIfs vj/
klqsfsf k|jGws /]zd -/f]zg_ yfkf / rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfn kflIfs vj/ klqsfsf
k|'kml/8/ lnnfs'df/ vjf;n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmddf wGojfb 1fkg tyf z'esfdgf
rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfnsf ;+:yfks ;b::o tyf rf}tf/L kflIfs vj/ klqsfsf ;Dkfbs
tyf sDKo"6/ n]cfp6 v]dgfy kf}8]nHo'n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} cfjZos ;/
;fdfg vl/b ug{ d]; xn l;uf/ k6f/ ug{sf]nflu rf}tf/L ;d"x g]kfnsf ;b:ox?
s]jn k'g, nj a'9fdu/, pbo j/fsf]6L, lji0f' clwsf/L a'4 tfdfË, 6]s jxfb'/,
bn jxfb'/ l3ld/] / cGo g]kfnLx?n];fy lbg' ePsf] lyof] eg] ljif]z ;xof]u ug'{
ePsf] lyof] huGgfycof{nn] . ;+:yf ;DjGwL ljifodf ;fy} sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ;+:yfks
tyf rf}tf/L kflIfs vj/ klqsfsf k|wfg ;Dkfbs Pn=lj -;fu/_ >]i7n] ug'{ ePsf]
lyof .
sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf sfo{qmdsf] ;efktL z+s/ yfkf du/n] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?nfO{ Ps
eP/ xftdf xft ldnfP/ cuf8L j9\gsf] nflu cfx|jfg ub}{ gj jif{ @)^! ;fn tyf rf}tf/L
;d"x g]kfnsf] :yfkgfsf] Ps jif{ k'u]sf] kfjg cj;/df z'e sfdgf AoQm ug'{ePsf]
lyof] .
sfo{stf{ dfl/Psf]df dx/fsf] r]tfjgL
Od]naf6
clk|n !#, @))$
ut r}q @% ut] ;fFem s~rgk'/sf] lqe'jgj:tL 6fpgdf / @^ ut] laxfg s~rgk'/s} k|f;g
…sÚ ufpFdf cfkm\gf kf6L{sf lhNnf ;b:o lzv/;lxt lj/fdLx?, :jf:YosdL{
Pjd\ lj/fdLsf ;xof]uL ;d]t ;ft hgf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ cfkm"nfO{ /fhgLlts sfo{stf{
eGg] /fdrGb| g]kfn / nf]s]Gb| nD;fnsf] of]hgf tyf ljGb' >]i7sf] g]t[Tjdf
/x]sf] ;/sf/ ;+/lIft u'08fbnåf/f ljeT; xTof ul/Psf] s'/f g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_
sf k|jQmf s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fn] a}zfv Ps ut] Ps k|]; lj1lKtdfkm{t\ hgfpg'ePsf]
5 .
o;/L g} oxL r}q #) ut] lbpF;f] $M#) ah] :yfgLo hgtfsf] k/Dk/fut ;+qmflGt d]nfdf
cfof]lht lj;' ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd eO/x]sf] ;dodf zfxL ;}lgsx?n] x]lnsK6/åf/f
cfqmd0f u/L lzIfs;lxt ;j{;fwf/0f u/L % hgfsf] xTof u/]sf 5g\ eg] !( hgfnfO{
3fOt] agfPsf] s'/f klg lj1lKtdf pNn]v 5 .
pQm lj1lKtdf æo; lgof]lht / ljeT; hgxTofn] km]l/ Psk6s ;fdGtL lg/+s'z
;}lgs ;Qfsf] v'gL cg'xf/ hg;dIf pbf+lug k'u]sf] 5Æ eGb} sltko 36gfdf ;+;bLo
bnsf sltko lhDd]jf/ kf6L{sf sfo{stf{;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfn] pgLx?sf] kf6L{sf] …jfdÚ
Pjd\ …k|hftflGqsÚsf] cfj/0fsf] cGto{df l5k]sf] lgot;d]t phfu/ x'g
k'u]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm xTofsf08sf] cfkm\gf] kf6L{n] 3f]/ eT;{gf ub}{ ck/fwLdfly ;DalGwt kIfn]
s8f sfjf{xL u/f];\ eGg] dfu klg ;f]xL lj1lKtdfkm{t\ /flvPsf] 5 .
lj1lKtdf cufl8 elgPsf] 5, æo;}df g]t[Tj txsf] /fhgLlts OdfGbfl/tf ;d]t
cleJoQm x'g]5 . d[To'j/0f ug{] ;a} sfo{stf{nfO{ dfcf]jfbL kf6L{n] zxLb 3f]if0ff
u/]sf] 5 / ck/fwLx? / ltgLx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] of ;+/If0f ug{] s'g} klg kIfnfO{
hgo'4sf] qmddf hgtfsf] tkm{af6 plrt ;hfo lbOg] k|lta4tfÆ ;d]t lj1lKtdfkm{t\
hfx]/ ul/Psf] 5 .
-hgcfGbf]ng ;dfrf/_
b'O{;o dlxnf lu/km\tf/
clk|n !#, @))$
sf7df8f}+ . k|ltudg lj?4 ;~rflnt ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf 5]saf/ nufpg] p2]Zosf ;fy
;/sf/åf/f 3f]lift b+ufu|:t If]qsf] cj1f ug]{ qmd kfFrf} lbg klg hf/L /x\of]
. o; cl3sf rf/ lbgdf tLgxhf/ eGbf a9L cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]/ cfGbf]ngnfO{
sdhf]/ agfpg] ;/sf/L k|of; t'lxPsf] 5 . /, cfh gofF jif{ a}+zfv Ps ut] klg xhf/f}+
cfGbf]ngsf/Lx? /fhwfgLsf ;8sdf plqP eg] cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hf/L ub}{ k]zfsdL{,
a'l4hLjL, :jf:YosdL{, dlxnf / ckf+ux?n] ;d]t cfjfh a'nGb u/] . o;/L, cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?n]
cfh cfGbf]ngsf] d}bfgdf g} gofF jif{nfO{ :jfut u/]sf 5g\ .
cfh ck/fGx @ ah] afuahf/af6 g]skf -Pdfn]_ :yfoL sld6L ;b:o ;xfgf k|wfgsf] g]t[Tjdf
kf6L{ em08fx? ;lxt h'n'; eof] . afuahf/af6 /Tgkfs{lt/ cl3 al9/x]sf] pQm h'n';dfly
x:tIf]k u/L k|x/Ln] g]skf -Pdfn]_ sL g]t[x? ;xfgf k|wfg, ci6nIdL zfSo, /fwf
1jfnL, ;'ifdf zdf{, ;'ldqf lj;L, ld/f WjFh', laGbf kf08], pdf sf]O/fnf, ddtf
lu/L, ul/df zfx, ?lSd0fL s'Fa/, k'ikf~hnL pkfWofo, zflGt vgfn, k]Daf nfdf, P;=Pg=
zdf{, /Tgf u'?ª, rGb|snf a/fn, clgtf nfdf, ;'lgtf clwsf/L, ;/:jtL clwsf/L,
lagf >]i7, OGb' 1jfnL, lgd{nf sF8]n nufot sl/a Ps;o hgf dlxfnfx?nfO{ lu/km\tf/
u¥of] .
To;}u/L ef]6flx6Laf6 lgl:sPsf] h'n';af6 g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf g]t[x? ljBfb]jL e08f/L,
uf]df b]jsf]6f, yddfof yfkf, ;ljtf clwsf/L, z'l;nf g]kfn, ;'lhtf zfSo, ljdnf
vgfn, zf]ef ;fksf]6f, ;l/tf Gof}kfg], hof l3ld/], ljZj]Zj/f bfxfn, lji0f' e';fn,
sdnf kf]v/]n, ldgf >]i7, ozf]bf clwsf/L nufot sl/a ! ;ohgf dlxnf g]t[x? tyf
sfo{stf{x? lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 .
hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg lxhf] ul7t æk|hftflGqs hgcfGbf]ngsf
nflu k]zfsdL{ gful/s ;dfhÆ sf] cfh} ck/fGx ! ah] Go'/f]8af6 lgl:sPsf]
ljzfn h'n'; OGb|rf]sdf k'Ubf k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k u/L 8f= d+unl;l4 dfgGw/, k|f= xif{gf/fo0f
wf}e8]n, lqljsf k"j{ pks'nktL gljgk|sfzh+u zfx, k|f= cfgGbb]j e§,
k|f= dfwjk|;fb uf}td, 8f= df]xg ltdlN;gf, 8f= dy'/f >]i7, s[i0f kxf8L -dfgjclwsf/jfbL
g]tf_ / sdnf k/fh'nL nufotnfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/L tflnds]Gb| dxf/fhu+hdf y'lgPsf]
5 . pQm h'n'; k|x/L x:tIf]ksf afah'b cl3 a9\b} e]8fl;+df k'u]/ ;dfkg ePsf] lyof]
. To; cj;/df g]kfn /fli6"o lzIfs ;+u7gsf cWoIf dfwj clwsf/Ln] ;+lIfKt ;+jf]wg
ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
cfh} ck/fGx ! ah] a;kfs{af6 lrlsT;sx?sf] a[xb\ h'n'; k|ltudg / ;/sf/L bdgsf]
lj/f]w ub}{ /Tgkfs{ x'Fb} afuahf/af6 k'tnL;8sdf k'u]kl5 k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k u/L
8f= zzf+s sf]O/fnf nufot ;of}+ lrlsT;sx?nfO{ lu/km\tf/ u¥of] . h'n';df ;xefuL
lrlsT;sx? ;]tf] 8"];d} lyP . o;}u/L /Tgkfs{af6 /ljGb| clwsf/L / lx/0os'df/
u'Ktf nufot !) hgf cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 . cfh} ck/fGx
@=#) ah] a;kfs{af6 cd[t /fO{sf] g]t[Tjdf ckf+ux?xsf] h'n'; lg:s]s]f lyof] .
g]sf+ -k|_ / jfddf]rf{nfO{ cfGbf]ngdf ;fd]n u/fOg' kg]{
sf7df8f}+ . rfn' hgcfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL e}/x]sf sfo{stf{x?;Fu cfh g]skf -Pdfn]_
sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{no dbggu/, aNv'df e]63f6 ug'{eof]
. s]Gb|Lo ;Dks{ ljefusf] ;+of]hgdf o:t} sfo{qmd lxhf] klg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof]
. e]63f6df ljleGg ;xefuLx?n] jt{dfg cfGbf]ngnfO{ cem ;zQm agfpg'kg]{ / k|ltudgn]
k"0f{?kdf 3'F8f g6]s];Dd o;nfO{ lg/Gt/ hf/L /fVg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf
lyP . cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf sfo{stf{x?af6 b]vfOPsf] ;fx;sf] dxf;lrj g]kfnn] ;/fxgf
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . Pdfn] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;lrj sfzLgfy clwsf/Låf/f hf/L
k|]; jQmJo cg';f/ dxf;lrjn] cfGbf]ngsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfb}{ n}hfg] g]skf Pdfn]_
sf] gLltsf] rrf{ ub}{ ca g]kfnL sfFu|]; -k|hftflGqs_ / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{nfO{
klg ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf ;fd]n u/fOg' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'eof] . pxfFn] hgdf]rf{sf
g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;/sf/åf/f y'g'jf k'hL{ ydfOPsf]df To;sf] eT;{gf
ub}{ clanDa l/xf ug{ dfu ug'{eof] .
ef/tdf k|ltudg lj/f]wL :j/
gofF lbNnL . b]zleq rln/x]sf] k|ltudg lj/f]wL ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf
hgfpFb} ef/tsf] /fhwfgL gofF lbNnLdf xhf/f}+sf] lj/f]w k|bz{g tyf cfd;ef ;DkGg
ePsf] 5 . k|jf;L g]kfnL ;+3 -ef/t_, d'nk|jfx clvn ef/t g]kfnL Pstf ;dfh / g]kfnL
hg;Dks{ ;ldltsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf pQm lj/f]w k|bz{g sfo{qmd ePsf] lyof] . ;efnfO{
k|g];+3sf k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/ Pj+ k|d'v jQmf 5ljnfn ljZjsdf{, lu/wf/Lnfn Gof}kfg],
g]kfnL hg;Dks{ ;ldltsf ofbj l3ld/]n] ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
k|ltudg lj/f]wL h'n';, ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd
lrtjg . cfh ;+o'Qm ;+3if{ ;ldlt lrtjgsf] cfof]hgfdf /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf sfo{stf{,
lzIfs ;+u7g, ;+3, k|fWofks ;+3, a'l4hLjL ;lxtsf] xhf/f}+sf] h'n'; gf/fo0fu9sf]
nfoG; rf]saf6 ;lxb rf]sdf cfP/ k|ltudg lj/f]wL ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf kl/0ft ePsf]
lyof] . ;f] sfo{qmddf k|ltudg lj/f]wL uLt, sljtf k]z ul/Psf] lyof] . h;df xhf/f}+
hgtfsf] pkl:ylt lyof] . ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd kZrft Pdfn] lhNnf sld6L pk;lrj ljho
;'j]bL, g]sfFsf s[i0fnfn ;fksf]6f / hgdf]rf{sf 8Da/ k'/Ln] dGtJo /fVg'ePsf]
lyof] .
tLg 7fpFdf rSsf hfd
kf]v/f . k|ltudg lj?4 ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] cu'jfO{ u/]sf kfFr k|d'v kf6L{x?n]
cfh kf]v/fdf tLg 7fpFdf cfwf306f rSsf hfd u/]sf 5g\ . k[YjLrf]s, cd/l;+rf]s
/ dx]Gb|k'ndf ;f] rSsfhfdsf] sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefuåf/f k|sflzt hgcfGbf]ng
;dfrf/ ! j}zfv, @)^! a'n]l6g
-hgcfGbf]ng ;dfrf/_
kqsf/;lxt 8]9;o cfGbf]ngsf/L lu/km\tf/
sf7df8f}+ clk|n !@, @))$
b+ufu|:t If]qsf] cj1f ub}{ If]qkf6L Go'/f]8x'Fb} c;g;Dd xhf/f}+sf] h'n'; lg:s]/
zx/sf] 306f}+;Dd kl/qmdf u/]sf] 5 . cfh ;f]daf/ ;a]/}b]lv /fhwfgLsf ljleGg 7fpFdf
h'n';x? lgl:sPsf 5g\ / lgif]lwt If]qsf] cj1f u/]sf 5g\ .
lbp+;f] g]skf -Pdfn]_ :yfoL sld6L ;b:o o'j/fh 1jfnLsf] g]t[Tjdf ef]6flx6Ldf
lg:s]sf] h'n';n] ;/sf/L lgif]wf1fnfO{ tf]8\g] sfd u/]sf] 5 . o;qmddf k|ltufdL
;/sf/n] g]tf 1jfnL ;lxt k|/fo';+3sf pkfWoIf a;Gt g]DjfË, dxf;lrj /ljGb|
clwsf/L, ;lrj chDa/ sfËjfË, OGb|nfn ;fksf]6f, k|bLk s6'jfn, lx/0ok|;fb
u'Ktf, ofbjaxfb'/ a:g]t, lx/fsfhL dxh{g, ;'/]zs'df/ zfxL, /d]zk|;fb /fhe08f/L,
lji0f's'df/ /fhe08f/L, Ohg a/fn / b]jL 1jfnL ;d]t 8]9;o g]tf sfo{stf{nfO{ lu/ˆtf/
u/]sf] 5 . ToxfF lbpF;f] cfGbf]ngsf/L / ;'/IffsdL{aLr lgs}a]/ le8Gt klg eof]
.
o;}u/L k'tnL;8sdf k|x/Lsf] ca/f]wnfO{ pNn+3g u/]/ Ps csf]{ h'n';n] ;/sf/L lgif]wf1fsf]
wHhL p8fpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] lgif]wf1fnfO{ tf]8\b}
cfh laxfg} /0fd'Qm]Zj/b]lv zx/sf d'Vo efudf h'n'; k|bz{g u/]sf 5g\ . lbpF;f]
lqrGb| SofDk; cufl8 ljBfyL{x?n] wgf{ a;L ;'/IffsdL{;Fu le8Gt u/]sf 5g\ / ;f]
If]qnfO{ cfkm\gf] sAhf lnP . kb\dsGof SofDk; cufl8 cfhklg le8Gt hf/L /x]sf]
5 .
/fHon] o;cl3 lu/ˆtf/ () hgf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ k|ltufdL ;/sf/n] uf]Ko ?kn]
s]xL lbgb]lv k|x/Lsf] @ g+= u0fdf /fvL u}x|sfg"gL 9+un] sf/jfxL rnfpg vf]h]sf]
/x:o v'n]sf] 5 eg] sdn kf]v/Ldf !# / uf}zfnfdf # hgfnfO{ /flvPsf] va/ k|fKt
ePsf] 5 . g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] cfh pNn]lvt :yfgx? nufot
;z:q k|x/L ansf] k|wfg sfof{no xnrf]sdf k'uL ToxfF /flvPsf cfGbf]ngsf/L g]tf
sfo{stf{ / kqsf/x?nfO{ e]6\g' ePsf] 5 .
cfh} k|ltufdL ;/sf/sf] lgif]wf1fnfO{ tf]8\g] qmddf cfh lbp;f]] !@ ah] uf]kfn
yklnof, xl/x/ lj/xL ;lxt $) hgf kqsf/nfO{ lu/ˆtf/ u/]sf] lyof] . g]skf
-Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefusf k|d'v k|lbk g]kfnn] Ps lj1lKt hf/L
u/L hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hgfpg df}g h'n'; lgsfn]sf kqsf/x?dfly /fHon] u/]s]f
HofbtL / lu/km\tf/Lsf] lgGbf Pj+ eT;{gf ug'{ ePs]f 5 . …bh{gf} kqsf/x?nfO{
lx/f;tdf lnP/ gful/s :jtGqtfdfly dfq xf]Og, cleJolQm / k|]; :jtGqtfsf] klg unf
lgdf]7\g p2t 5 eGg] s'/f cfhsf] bdgn] bzf{Psf] 5 . /fHosf] rf}yf] c+udfly xdnf
gug{ /fHokIfnfO{ cfXjfg ub{5f}+ . Ú pQm jQmJodf elgPsf] 5
g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;~rfng ;ldltsf] cfh ;DkGg a}7sn] k|ltufdL ;/sf/nfO{
k/f:t ug{ cem ;zQm cfGbf]ng ;~rfng ug]{ lgisif{ lgsfNb} ;+3if{sf] sfo{qmd agfPsf]
5 . o;} u/L d]rL, sf]zL / n'lDagL c~rnaf6 cfPsf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?sf] e]nfn] klg
cfGbf]ng ;DaGwL tof/L u/]sf] 5 . …9Ng} nfu]sf] k|ltufdL ;/sf/nfO{ Pskl5
csf]{ u/L wSsf lbg ;Dk"0f{ k|hftGqk]|dL pkTosfsf hgtfnfO{ xflb{s cfXjfg
ub{5f}+ .Ú sGb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;~rfng ;ldltsf ;lrj /fh]Gb|k|;fb kf08]n]
hf/L ug'{ePsf] k|]; lj1lKtdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf a9\b}5
sf7df8f}+ . rfn' hgcfGbf]ngk|lt ;dy{g / P]Soa4tf hgfpb} cfh /fhlj/fhdf jlsn,
kqsf/, k|fWofks nufotsf k]zfsdL{x?n] h'n'z / sf]0f;ef ;DkGg u/]sf 5g\ .
x]6f}8fdf cfh # b]lv % ah];Dd d'Vo ;8sdf xhf/f}+ cfGbf]ngs/Lx?n] wgf{ lbP tTkZrft
lgl:sPsf] h'n';n] gu/sf] kl/qmdf u/L sf]0f;efdf kl/0ft eof] . pQm sf]0f;efnfO{
ab|L nD;fnn] ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
cfh lbpF;f] @ ah] kfNkfsf] a;kfs{af6 zflGt rf]s;Dd lj/f]w h'n'; lgl:sof] . h'n';
kl5 cfof]lht ;efnfO{ wg]Gb| l3ld/], ofbjjxfb'/ /fodfemL, clgn l3ld/], >Lw/
e§/fO{ / ofdnfn ltdlN;gfn] ;+jf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . o;}u/L lbpF;f] @ ah]
rfn' hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hgfpFb} kqsf/ dxf;+3, k|fWofks ;+3, uf]vf{ e"k"
;}lgs ;+u7g, g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;P;g, lzIfs o'lgog, sd{rf/L ;+u7gx?n] kf]v/fsf]
lrKn]9'+ufaf6 ;+o'Qm h'n'; lgsfn]sf lyP . slkna:t'df lbpF;f] tLg ah] k|ltudgsf]
lj/f]w / hgcfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hgfpFb} l/S;f dhb'/x?n] l/S;f h'n'; cfof]hgf
u/] .
s}nfnLdf cfh k|ltudgsf] k'Tnf hnfpFb} ;+o'Qm lj/f]w h'n'; ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+df
rfn' ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngdf kfFr /fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf / sfo{stf{dfly ePsf] ;/sf/L
bdgsf] s8f eT;{gf ub}{ cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf hfx]/ ub}{ ;DkGg sf]0f;efnfO{ nf]saxfb'/
vqL, 6]s/fh cf]emf / v8\s /fgfn] ;+af]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
:ofËhfdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ lhNnf sfof{noaf6 ! ah] lg:s]sf] sfnf] em08f ;lxtsf]
h'n';n] k|ltudg lj/f]wL uuge]bL gf/f nufpFb} :ofËhf ahf/ kl/qmdf u¥of]
. h'n'zkZrft dx]Gb|rf]sdf xl/lszf]/ zdf{sf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg sf]0f;efnfO{ cd/
zdf{ / hLjnfn zdf{n] ;Daf]wg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . :ofËhfdf a}zfv $ ut] ljzfn
lj/f]w h'n'; cfof]hgf ul/g] ePsf] 5 .
o;}u/L g]kfnu~hdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, PnfoG; g]kfn, k|fWofks ;+3, kqsf/ dxf;+3,
k|]; rf}tf/L, g]kfn jf/ Pzf]l;o;g, e]/L c~rn oftfoft Joj;foL ;+3 / ;+rfl/sf
;d'x ;lDdlnt h'n; lg:s]/ gu/sf] kl/qmdf u/L rfn" hgcfGbf]nk|lt xflb{s P]Soa4tf
k|s6 u/]sf] 5 .
ef]nL P]Soa4tf ¥ofnL
sf7df8f}+ . g]kfn a'l4hLjL kl/ifb / k|hftflGqs ljrf/ ;dfhsf] ;+o'Qm tTjfwfgdf
ljleGg af}l4s / Joj;flos ;+3 ;+:yfsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;+o'Qm e]nfn] rfn' hgcfGbf]ngk|lt
;dy{g / P]Soa4tf hgfPsf] 5 . pQm e]nfn] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg æk|hftflGqs
hgcfGbf]ngsf nflu k]zfsdL{ gful/s ;dfhÆ gfds ;+:yf klg u7g u/]sf] 5 .
pQm ;dfhdf g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3, g]kfn lghfdlt sd{rf/L ;+u7g, k]zfut dxf;+3 g]kfn,
g]kfn a'l4hLjL kl/ifb, k|hftflGqs ljrf/ ;dfh, g]kfn /]~h/ ;+3, g]kfn OlGhlgo;{
Pzf]l;ozg, b'Uw ljsf; ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf nflu lrlsT;s,
g]kfn :jf:Yo k|fljlws ;+3 / KofJ;g g]kfn /x]sf 5g\ .
o;}u/L g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3, uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3, g]kfn /fli6"o
lzIfs ;+u7g, g]kfn lzIfs o'lgog, s[lif ljsf; a}+s sd{rf/L ;+3, ;+rosf]if sd{rf/L
;+3, cGt/ a}+s sd{rf/L ;+3, g]kfn a}+s sd{rf/L ;+3, cGt/ ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3,
g]kfn b'/;+rf/ sd{rf/L ;+3, lqlj sd{rf/L ;+u7g, lqlj sd{rf/L ;+3, g]kfn lzIfs
;+3, g]kfn qmflGtsf/L lzIfs ;+3, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f sd{rf/L o'lgog / lqlj
k|fWofks ;+3 klg pQm ;dfhdf cfa4 /x]sf 5g\ .
gjul7t ;dfhdf g]kfn k|ultzLn k|fWofks ;+u7g, g]kfn /fhgLltzf:q ;+3, k|hftflGqs
OlGhlgo;{ Sna, g]kfn df]8/]6/ P;f]lzo;g, dx]Gb| ;+:s[t ljZj ljBfno k|fWofks
;+3, g]kfn af/ P;f]lzo;g, cflbjf;L hghftL dxf;+3, k|ultzLn n]vs ;+3, ;f];fO6L
ckm g]kfnL cfls{6]S6, /fli6"o aLdf ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;+3, OG;]s / l;ljg klg
cfa4 5g\ . ;dfhsf] !( ;b:oLo sfo{ ;ldltsf ;+of]hs k|f= 8f= d+unl;l4 dfgGw/ /
;x;+of]hs k|f=8f= hLj/fh kf]v/]n /xg' ePsf] 5 . gjul7t ;dfhn] ef]nL j}zfv !
ut] lbp;f] ! ah] kb\dsGof SofDk; afuahf/af6 rfn" cfGbf]ngk|lt P]Soa4tf
hgfpb} ;+o'Qm ¥ofnL lgsfNg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .
gofF jif{sf] z'esfdgf M cem ;zQm cfGbf]ngdf hf]8
sf7d8f}+ . g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf dxf;lrj dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] @)^) ;fn ;dfKt eP/ @)^!
;fn cf/De ePsf] cj;/df Ps jQmJo hf/L u/L ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hgtfdf xflb{s z'esfdgf
JoQm ug'{ ePsf] 5 . …hgtfsf] vf]l;Psf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, /fhsLo ;Qf / hgclwsf/sf]
k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu dl/d]6]/ cfGbf]ngsf] d}bfgdf pqg'ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ldqx?nfO{
xflb{s clejfbg ub}{ gj jif{sf] xflb{s z'esfdgf k|s6 ub{5' .Ú pxfFsf]
jQmJodf elgPsf] 5 .
…cfh xfd|f] b]zn] cToGt 7"nf] ;+s6 / si6s/ cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kl//x]sf]
5 / xTof, lx+;f Pj+ cft+s lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] 5 . /fHon] hgtfsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu
v8f u/]sf c+ux?af6 hgtf cfkm} kLl8t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . k|hftflGqs clwsf/x? vf]l;Psf
5g\ / @)%( ;fn c;f]h !* ut]af6 z'? ePsf] /fhfsf] k|ltufdL sbdåf/f g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ k'gM /}tL agfpg] k|oTg eO/x]sf] 5 .
hgtfsf vf]l;Psf k|hftflGqs clwsf/x?sf] k'gj{xfnL ug{, ;fj{ef}d;Qf hgtfd} kmsf{pg
/ hgtfnfO{ /fhsLo zlQmsf] >f]tsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ljut Ps jif{b]lv z'? ePsf]
hgcfGbf]ng clxn] gofF prfO{df k'u]sf] 5 / ;zQm 9+un] cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . clxn]
of] cfGbf]ngdf dhb'/, ls;fg, dlxnf, o'jf, ljBfyL{, kqsf/, n]vs, slj, snfsf/,
k|fWofks, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, dfgj clwsf/sdL{, jlsn, lrlsT;s, OlGhlgo/ nufot ljleGg
k]zf / ;d'bfosf hgtfn] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;xeflutf hgfO/x]sf 5g\ . pBdL Joj;foL
nufot ;dfhsf ;a} ju{ / tKsfsf hgtfsf] ;dy{g / ;xeflutf a9\bf] 5 . ckf+ub]lv
pTkLl8t ju{ / ;d'bfo Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf k|a'4 k+lQmsf] a9\bf] ;xeflutf Pj+ P]Soa4tfn]
o; cfGbf]ngnfO{ Jofks bfo/fdf km}nfPsf] 5 . o; cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf /fhgLlts bnsf
g]tf, sfo{stf{ tyf cfd hg;d'bfodfly of] c;+j}wflgs ;/sf/åf/f cGwfw'Gw
nf7L a;f{pg], k|ltalGwt k|f0f3fts c>'Uof; tyf ax'nÝLk"0f{ Knfli6ssf
uf]nL a;f{pg] / zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf plqPsf JolQmx?sf ;+j]bgzLn c+ux?df
tfsL tfsL nf7L k|xf/ ug]{ h:tf h3Go ck/fwdf ;'/IffsdL{x?sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5
. d c;+j}wflgs ;/sf/sf o:tf cdfgjLo bdgsf/L xys08fx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ cfGbf]ngsf]
;kmntfsf nflu cbDo ;xf;sf ;fy cl3 a9]sf ;Dk"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf/L ldqx?sf] pRr
;Ddfg ub}{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5' / of] cfGbf]ng nIodf gk'u];Dd pRr dgf]an
/ cfF6sf ;fy lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9fpg cfXjfg klg ub{5' .Ú dxf;lrj g]kfnsf]
hf]8 5 .
pxfFn] cufl8 cf}Nofpg' ePsf] 5 - æxfd|f] of] cfGbf]ng d'n'sdf zflGt, k|hftGq
/ hgtfsf] k"0f{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf :yflkt ug]{ cfGbf]ng xf] . o;nfO{ xfdLn] cem
km/flsnf] / Jofks agfp+b} n}hfg'
k5{ . k|hftGq / hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] kIfdf ;+3if{ ug{ rfxg] ;a}nfO{ ;d]6]/
xfdLn] o;nfO{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;femf / ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngsf] ?kdf cl3 a9fpg' kb{5
. cfGbf]ngn] g} hgtfnfO{ pHofnf] eljiolt/ n}hfg] ePsf]n] k|hftGqsf kIfw/ ;Dk"0f{
g]kfnL hgtfn] of] cfGbf]ngdf ;fd]n x'g'kb{5 . cfGbf]ngsf] ljho cjZoDefjL 5,
o;nfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;Sb}g .
xfdL zflGt, k|hftGq / ;'zf;gsf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;xL /fhgLlts lgsf;sf] af6f] cjnDjg
ug{ / cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts If]qdf cu|ufdL kl/jt{gsf nflu ;du| sfo{qmd
agfP/ d'n'snfO{ cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] lbzftkm{ n}hfg k|lta4 5f}+ . o;sf] nflu
l56f]eGbf l56f] xfd|f] cfGbf]ng nIodf k'Ug'kb{5 . To;}n] d ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL
hg;d'bfonfO{ cfGbf]ngdf sl6a4tfsf ;fy pqg / o;nfO{ b]zJofkL ?kdf ;zQm kfb}{
gofF jif{ @)^! ;fnnfO{ hgtfsf] ljhosf] jif{sf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{sf nflu xflb{s
cfXjfg ub{5' .Æ
dlxnfx?sf] ckLn
clvn g]kfn dlxnf ;+3n] ef]nL j}zfv ! ut] ! ah] /Tgkfs{af6 rfn" hgcfGbf]ngk|lt
P]Soa4tf hgfpFb} h'n'; lgsflng] atfPsf]5 . pQm h'n';df ;xefuL x'g ;Dk"0f{
dlxnfx?nfO{ cfXjfg ul/Psf] 5 .
g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefuåf/f k|sflzt hgcfGbf]ng
;dfrf/ a'n]l6gaf6
8L;Lsf g]kfnLn] gofF jif{ dgfP
g]kfnL kf]i6 k|ltlglw
clk|n !@, @))$
cd]l/sfsf] jfl;+ª6g 8L;L j/k/ a:g] g]kfnLx?n] w]/} dlxgfkl5sf] cGt/fnkl5
gofF jif{sf] pknIodf g]kfnL snfsf/x?4f/f tof/ ul/Psf] ljljw ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdaf6
g]kfndf gofF jif{ nfUg'eGbf b'O{ lbgcl3 cfOtaf/sf] ;fFem dgf]/Ghg lnPsf 5g\
.
:yfgLo /]l8of] bf]efg / :yfgLo g]kfnL snfsf/x?sf] sf]ifsf nflu ;xof]ufy{ ;~rfng
ul/Psf] pQm sfo{qmddf snfsf/x? ;/f]h vgfn, sl/Zdf dfgGw/, ;f/+uf >]i7 nufotsf
:yfgLo snfsf/x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .
snfsf/ ;/f]h vgfn / sl/Zdf dfgGw/n] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts cj:yfsf af/]df
/fhf, /fhgLlts bnx? ;a}nfO{ 5'g] u/L x]dGt >]i74f/f tof/ kfl/Psf] Ps Jo+UofTds
Psf+sL k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
g]kfnL l;g] If]qdf cfkm\gf] clego4f/f lr/kl/lrt snfsf/ ;f/+uf >]i7 / :yfgLo
snfsf/ dlg; kf]v/]nsf] ædfofsf] s] e/Æ eGg] uLtdf ul/Psf] g[Ton]
dfq x}g ;f/+ufsf] Psn ef]hk'/L g[Ton] ;a} bz{sx?sf] dg lhTg ;kmn ePsf] lyof]
.
:yfgLo g]kfnL efiff tyf ;+:s[lt ljBfnosf ; ;fgf 5fqfx?sf] :jfut g[Toaf6 pb\3fl6t
pQm ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmddf uf]ljGbdfg >]i7sf] æs[i0fd'/f/LÆ ehg,
:yfgLo:t/df v'n]sf] g]kfnL o'jfx?sf] ld/fh j]08sf tkm{af6 /fhLj t'nfw/, ;ahLt
kf}8]n / ljz]if dxh{gn] /ftf] / rGb|;"o{ h+uL lgzfg xfd|f] uLt ;'gfPsf
lyP .
To:t} hLjg kl08t / lszf]/ kl08t clg b'uf{ v/]nn] klg cfkm\gf] ;'l/nf] :j/dfkm{t
bz{sx?nfO{ dgf]/Ghg k|bfg u/]sf b]lvGy] .
:yfgLo snfsf/ dgZjL ;+u|f}nf, lbJofHof]lt /]UdL To:t} k|f]ldtf k|hfklt, k'hf
tfdfª, ;f]lgof k'/L / ;[hgf k'/L, kNneL /f0ffsf] g[To dfq x}g 8L;L If]qsf
nflu gofF snfsf/sf ?kdf cfOk'u]sf lszf]/ If]qL / k|fy{gf e§sf] æd
klg hfG5' d'+lUnª ahf/Æ eGg] uLtsf] af]nsf] g[Ton] klg bz{sx?nfO{
dgf]/~hg k|bfg ug{ ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .
To:t} /fdxl/ ;'j]bL / uLtf ;'j]bLn] tfdfª ;]nf] g[To k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
sfo{qmd cfof]hssf tkm{af6 /Ltf ltjf/L / /]l8of] bf]efgsf ;+rfns gu]Gb| kf}8]nn]
cfuGt's ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL bfh' efO tyf lbbL alxgLx?nfO{ xflb{s :jfut ug'{ePsf]
lyof] eg] sfo{qmdsf] cjlwe/ /jL nfld5fg]n] lgSs} dL7f] 9+uaf6 ;do ;dodf bz{sx?nfO{
dgf]/~hg k|bfg ub}{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
>Lw/ 1jfnL4f/f gofF jif{sf] pknIodf xflb{s z'esfdgfsf :j:tL Znf]sx?;lxt pb\3fl6t
pQm sfo{qmddf v/fj df};dsf afah'b klg kfFr ;oeGbf a9L :yfgLo g]kfnLx?sf] ;xeflutf
/x]sf] lyof] .
snfsf/x? ;'gLn pk|]tL, /f]zgk|tfk /f0ff, d~h' ;+u|f}nf, /jLg e08f/L, 6Lsf k'gM
To:t} :yfgLo sfnLu08sL dgf]/Ghg ;d'xsf snfsf/x? ;d]t ;lDdlnt nf]s efvf / cGo
cfw'lgs uLt To:t} lg/~hgdfgl;+x /]UdLsf] ælr7\7} k/]/ cfOof]ÆeGg]
JoUofTds pb\3f]if nufotsf ljljw sfo{qmdn] w]/} ;dokl5 g]kfnLx?n] dWofGg ;d]t
gu/L sfo{qmd k"0f{ ?kdf x]/]sf b]lvGy] .
slxn] g]kfnaf6 NofOPsf rnlrq t slxn] bz}+ kf6L{sf] /demddf cfkm\gf rf8 kj{ dgfpg]
g]kfnLx?n] o;kfnL g]kfnL gofF jif{ kf/]/ g]kfnaf6 k/b]zLPsf Vofltk|fKt snfsf/x?
/ :yfgLo snfsf/x? ;lDdlnt dgf]/Ghg sfo{qmd pNnf;k"0f{ ?kdf dgfP .
-hgcfGbf]ng ;dfrf/x?_
;/sf/n] ckf+ux?nfO{ klg 5f8]g
sf7df8f}+, clk|n !@, @))$
kfFr bnsf] cfGbf]ngdf dfcf]jfbL 3';k}7 eO{ /Qmkft dRofpg] e/kbf]{ k|df0f km]nf
kf/]sf] atfP/ /fhwfgLnfO{ b+ufu|:t If]q 3f]if0ff ug]{ k|ltufdL ;/sf/ clGtddf
cfkm} uNg k'u]sf] ;+s]t b]vfPsf] 5 .
k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] cfOtaf/ ck/fGt !@ ah] dGqLx?nfO{ af]nfO{ lu/km\tf/
ul/Psf /fhgLlts g]tf, sfo{stf{x?nfO{ 5f8\g lgb]{zg lbg'k/]sf] 5 / u[xdGqL sdn
yfkfn] cfOtaf/} % ah] Ps kqsf/ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/L lx/f;tdf /x]sf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{
5fgjLg u/L 5fl8g] sfOt] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . o;af6 u[xdGqLsf] bdgsf/L /a}of
emg} pbfËf] ePsf] s'/f cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?4f/f k|]lift ;dfrf/df pNn]v ul/Psf]
5 .
b+ufu|:t If]qsf] cj1f ug]{qmddf cfOtaf/ klg cfGbf]ng/t bnx?sf g]tf sfo{stf{
;lxt #)) eGbf a9LnfO{ lu/km\tf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;8sdf plqPsf sl/a 8]9;o ckf+ux?nfO{
k|x/Ln] n5f/ k5f/ / s'6lk6 ub}{ lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 . /, k|ltufdL ;/ sf/sf] cfo'
ca w]/} lbg 5}g eGg] s'/f ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqL / dGqLx? o ;/L cQflnPsf] l:yltn]
cem k|i6 ePsf] 5 .
k|ltufdL /fhfsf] ;/sf/n] hf/L u/]sf] lgif]wf1fnfO{ tf]8b} /fhwfgLsf] d'6'df
h'n';x? ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . g]skf -Pdfn]_ :yfoL sld6L ;b:o df]bgfy k|l>tsf]
g]t[Tjdf ef]6flx6Laf6 /Tgkfs{lt/ cfO/x]sf] h'n';dfly k|x/Ln] x:tIf]k u/L df]bgfy
k|l>t, s]zj j8fn, ;'/]z sfsL{, u'? a/fn / /fli6"o;ef ;b:o /fdrGb| e§/fO{
nufot hDdf tLg;o eGbf a9L cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] 5 .
ljxfg c;gaf6 ;'? ePsf] h'n';n] /fhwfgLsf] d'Vo efu kl/qmdf u/]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L
;/:jtL SofDk;, c:sn SofDk;, cf/= cf/= SofDk;df klg cfGbf]ngsf/Ln] h'n'; u/L
k|ltufdL ;/sf/sf] lgif]wf1fnfO{ tf]8\g] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . k|ltudgnfO{ k/f:t ug{
ePsf] of] cfGbf]ngdf # ah] cGwf ckfËx? XjLn lro/df a;]/ /Tgkfs{ k''uL h'n';
lgsfn]/ ;/sf/L lgif]wf1fnfO{ wHhL p8fpg] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/sf] u'8\8L
xfFs]/ gyfSg] ;/sf/n] 8]9;o eGbf a9L ckfËx?nfO{ ;d]t lu/km\tf/ u/]/ cfkm\gf]
;SsnL cg'xf/ b]vfPsf] 5 . lgif]lwt If]qsf] cj1f ug]{qmddf cfh klg afuahf/l:yt
kb\dsGof SofDk;nfO{ df]rf{ agfP/ ljBfyL{x? ;'/IffsdL{;Fu lbge/ le8]sf 5g\ .
cfh} lbpF;f] @ ah] kf]v/fdf sl/a $))) sf] ;xeflutfdf tLg lsdL nfdf] d;fn h'n';
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;fy} hgsk'/, ;'v]{t, wgu9L nufot b]zsf dxTjk"0f{ ;x/x?sf
ljleGg :yfgdf h'n'; ;DkGg u/L k|ltudgnfO{ csf]{ wSsf lbg] sfd ePsf 5g\ .
…cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g ePsf ;Dk"0f{ tx / tKsfsf hgtfnfO{ k|ltudgnfO{
k/f:t gu/];Dd cfGbf]ngdf h'l6/xg cfXjfg ub{5f}+ . lu/km\tf/ ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{
cfGbf]ngsf/LnfO{ ;;Ddfg l/xf ug{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ cfXjfg ub{5f}+ .Ú g]skf
-Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo hgcfGbf]ng ;+of]hg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs e/tdf]xg clwsf/Ln] cfh hf/L
ug'{ePsf] jQmJodf pNn]v 5 .
gd'gf hgdt ;+u|xdf u0ftGqsf] ljho
sf7df8f}+ . @)%( ;fn c;f]h !* ut] /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t @)$&
;fndf lgld{t ;+ljwfgdfly wfjf af]Ng] b':k|of; u/]sf]df pQm sbdsf lj?4 kfFr /fhgLlts
kf6L{x?
/ ;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx?n] cfGbf]ng ul//x]sf 5g\ . @)^) r}q !( ut]b]lv ;~rfng eO/x]sf]
cfGbf]ngaf6 cflQP/ k/fnsf] TofGb|f] h:tf] lg/Lx zfxL ;/sf/n] rqmky If]q eGbf
leqL efunfO{ bËfu|:t If]q 3f]lift u/]sf] 5 . zfxL 3f]if0ffsf lj?4 clxn]
b]zsf ;a} ;+3, ;+u7g, lzIfs, k|fWofks, a'l4hLjL, kqsf/x?n] P]Soa4tf k|s6 ub}{
cfGbf]ngdf ;xeflutf hgfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . xfn ax'bnLo u0ftGq, ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq /
lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] af/]df ax; rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf kz'klt ax'd'vL SofDk; :jljo',
g]lj;+3, cg]/f:jljo' nufot ;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] o'jf ljBfyL{xsf] efjgf a'em\g
ægd'gf hgdt ;+u|xÆ sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf 5g\ . k'ln; k|zf;gsf] Jofks
bdg / x:tIf]ksf afah'b al/i7 n]vs vu]Gb| ;+u|f}nfsf] k|d'v cfltYodf ;DkGg pQm
hgdt ;+u|xdf SofDk;sf k|fWofsks, sd{rf/L tyf ljBfyL{xsf] Jofks ;xeflutf lyof]
. gd'gf hgdt ;+u|xsf] glthf cg';f/ s"n v;]sf] dt !$!& dWo] k|hftflGqs
u0ftGqsf] kIfdf !!*@, ;+ j}wflgs /fhtGqsf kIfdf !(& / ;lqmo /fhtGqsf] kIfdf
!& dt v;]sf] / @! dt /2 ePsf] lyof] . o;n] ;flqmo /fhtGqsf] kIfdf s]jn !=!(
k|ltzt / /fhtGq lj/f]wL v]dfdf (&=# k|ltzt hgdt /x]sf] tYo k|i6 ePsf] 5
.
gd'gf hgdt ;+ u|xdf ljleGg ;+u7g tyf dxfg'efjx?sf] pkl:ylt lyof] . hgdt ;+u|xsf]
tof/Lsf] qmddf kx/Ln] SofDk; xftfaf6 :jljo' ;efklt s'Gbg/fh sfkm\n], g]lj ;+3
OsfO{ cWoIf ;Gtf]if kf08]nfO{ lxh} lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] lyof] eg] sfo{qmd ;kmn x'Fb}
ubf{ :jljo' ;lrj /fhs'df/ 9'+ufgf nufotsf # hgfnfO{ klg cfh ljxfg SofDk; leq}
k|j]z u/L k|x/Ln] lu/km\tf/ u/]sf] lyof] . …xfdL of] lgGbgLo sfo{sf] 3f]/
eT;{gf ub}{ pxfFx?sf] zL3| l/xfOsf] dfu ub5f}+ .Ú :jljo'åf/f hf/L
lj1lKtdf elgPsf] 5 .
sfuh u/]/ 5'6\g c:jLsf/
sf7df8f}+ . æca o:tf ] cfGbf]ng jf o:t} k|sf/sf] s'g} klg lqmofsnfkdf
nfUg] 5}g egL ;ky lnG5' . km]l/ o:tf] sf/jfxLdf efu lnPsf] cj:yfdf km]nf k/]
>L % sf] ;/sf/n] lgif]lwt If]qdf lgif]w u/]sf] sfo{sf] alv{nfk u/]sf] cleof]udf
;hfo ef]Ug tof/ 5' .Æ
/fhfsf] ;/sf/n] kqmfp u/L lx/f;tdf /fv]sf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ pNn]lvt k|sf/sf]
…d+h'/LgfdfÚ df bfofF afofF cf}+7f 5fk nufP/ 5'6\gsf lglDt cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?df
cft+s v8f u/] klg c;kmn ePsf] 5 . …kfFr bnsf] cfGbf]ngdf kqmfp kg]{ JolQmx?sf]
;f]wk'5Ú zLif{ssf] pQm cfTd;dk{0f kqdf tLg k':t] ljj/0f, 7]ufgf / kmf]6f]
;d]t ;+nUg u/fOPsf] 5 .
t/ cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?n] ;/sf/sf] o:tf] wDsL, cft+s / ablgotnfO{ 3[0ffk"j{s
nTofpb} hgclwsf/ ckxl/t u/L lg/+s'ztf nfb\g] /fhfsf] k|ltufdL zf;gsf ;fd' em's]/
g5'6\g] atfpb} o:tf] dGh'/Lgfdf ug{ c:jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ .
lx/f; tdf l/n] cg;g
sf7df8f}+ . dx]Gb| k'ln; Snadf y'lgPsf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?åf/f cfh r}t @( ut]
ljxfg ( ah]b]lv l/n] cg;g ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf e]nf h'n'z ug{
kfpg'kg]{ ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ jxfnL x'g'kg]{, ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] b+ufu|:t
If]q / lgif]wf1f t'?Gt x6fpg' kg]{, cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?dfly ul/Psf] k|x/L bdg aGb
x'g'kg]{, ljleGg lx/f;tdf y'lgPsf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx?nfO{ vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno, cf}ifwf]krf/,
;'Tg], vfg] / a:g] h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx?sf] plrt Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, xfn} dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?;Fusf]
e]6sf qmddf k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfaf6 JoQm b'/fzok"0f{ cleJolQmsf]
eT;{gf ug{ / cGo lx/ftx?df /x]sf /fhgLlts aGbLx?åf/f ;+rflnt ;Dk"0f{
sfo{qmdx?k|lt ;dy{g Pj+ P]Soa4tf k|s6 ug{sf] nflu of] l/n] cg;g ;'? ul/Psf]
5 .
cfh klxnf] lbgsf] l/n] cg;gdf g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] tkm{af6 j}slNks s]Gb|Lo ;b:o
pld{nf cof{n, /fli6"o kl/ifb ;b:o sdn uf}td, k|/fo';+3 s]Gb|Lo ;b:o k|bLk
s6'jfn, v8\uaxfb'/ pk|]tL, /fhLjnf]rg l/dfn, /fhs'df/ lwtfn, lzjk|;fb Gof}kfg]
/ g]sfFsf tkm{af6 lbn]Gb|k|;fb a8', lzjs'df/ x'dfufO{, xl/af]n e§/fO{,
;'eb|f d}gfnL, ;'eb|f a:g]t nufot @* hgf ;xefuL x'g'ePsf] 5 . o;cl3 c:tL z'qmaf/
lu/km\tf/ eO{ vfB ;+:yfgsf] s]Gb|Lo uf]bfddf /flvPsf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx? dWo] g]kfnL
sfFu|];sf jof]j[4 g]tf anaxfb'/ /fO{, k"j{ ;f+;bx? z+s/k|;fb kf08] / /fdrGb|
ltjf/Ln] lx/f;tleq} cg;g yfnL cem} hf/L /fVg'ePsf] 5 .
dWo zx/df h'n'; / ;ef
sf7df8f}+ . zfxL ;/sf/n] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] b+ufu|:tIf]q / lgif]wf1fsf] ca1f ub}{
cfh laxfg & ah] c;gdf sf]0f;ef u/L ;'? eof ] . o;}qmddf Ps eJo h'n';n] dxfgu/sf
ljleGg efu kl/qmdf ub}{ !( j8f 9f]sf6f]n k'u]/ sf]0f;efdf kl/0ft ePsf] lyof]
. sf]0f;efnfO{ g]skf -Pdfn]_ pkTosf ;dGjo sld6L ;b:o hLjg/fd >]i7n] ;+jf]wg
ug'{ePsf] lyof] . h'n'sf] g]t [Tj g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf ;b:ox? s[ i0fuf]kfn
>]i7 / /fh]Gb| >]i7n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] .
k|wfgdGqLsf] syg k"0f{tM em'7
sf7df8f}+ . g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] cfh Ps lj1lKt hf/L u/L …k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/
yfkfn] k|ltudg lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf kf6L{ / ltgsf g]tfx?sf af/]df
ug'{ePsf l6Kk0fLx? kbLodof{bf ljk/Lt, ;Dk"0f{?kn] unt / em'7f /x]sf]Ú
hgfPsf] 5 . æk|wfgdGqLaf6 cleJoQm ePsf …k|bz{gsf/Ln] g} uf]nL xfGg
cg'/f]wÚ u/], …kfFr bnsf g]tfx?;Fu leqleq} jftf{ eO/x]sf]Ú
5 eGg] h:tf egfOx? /fli6"o cGt/
f{ li6"o hg;d'bfodf e|d km}nfpg ul/Psf if8oGqsf/L k|oTg dfq x'g\ . xfd|f]
kf6L{n] jt{dfg c;Da}wflgs ;/sf/;Fu clxn];Dd jftf{ u/]sf] 5}g / jftf{ ug]{ s'g}
;+efjgf klg 5}g . xfd|f] kf6L{ k|wfgdGqLsf] o:tf] af]nLk|lt v]b JoQm ub{5 /
/fHo ;+rfngsf] s';L{df a;]/ hyfefjL gaf]Ng cfXjfg klg ub{5 .Æ sfof{no
;lrj sfzLgfy clwsf/Låf/f hf/L lj1lKtdf elgPsf] 5 .
…;/sf/sf] hfnem]n, if8oGq, bdg / Zj]tcft+snfO{ k/f:t ub}{ hgtfsf] k|ltudg
lj/f]wL zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng ljhosf] lbzfdf cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}+df
prfO{df k'u]sf] of] cfGbf]ngnfO{ /fi6"JofkL ?kd} dflyNnf] prfOdf k'¥ofpg]
u/L cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'g xfd|f] kf6L{ ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfo ;dIf xflb{s ckLn
ub{5 .Ú pQm lj1lKtdf pNn]v 5 .
;/sf/L HofbtLsf] eT;{gf
sf7df8f}+ . cfh r}t @( ut] laxfg ( ah] ;/sf/åf/f u}/sfg'gL y'gfdf /flvPsf
JolQmx?nfO{ e]6\g ;z:q k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no xNrf]s k'u]sf 8f= dy'/fk|;fb >]i7,
8f= ch'{g sfsL{, 8f= /fh]z uf}td, ;'jf]w/fh Kofs'/]n, tf/s lwtfn nufotsf dfgjclwsf/jfbLnfO{
;/sf/n] aGbLx?;Fu e]6\g lbPg . b'O{ 306feGbf nfdf] ;do;Dd sfof{nosf] cfFugdf
s/fPkl5 dflysf] cfb]z cg';f/ e]6\g gldNg] egL pxfFx?nfO{ kmsf{OlbPsf] hfgsf/L
dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?n] Ps lj1lKt dfkm{t hfgsf/L u/fPsf 5g\ . pQm lj1lKtdf elgPsf]
5 - æk|wfgdGqLn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] dfgjclwsf/ k|lta4tfdf pNn]lvt Joxf]/fsf]
laNs'n} alv{nfkm x'g] u/L of]hgfa4 9+un] ul/Psf] u}/sfg'gL, cdfgjLo / dfgjclwsf/
Pj+ dfgjLo sfg'gsf] 7f8f] pNn+3gsf] kl5Nnf] s8Lsf ?kdf xfdLn] of] b'Mvb cg'ej
lnPsf 5f}+ . o:tf ] k|j[lQsf la?4 d'n'sleq / aflx/ ;d]t P]Soa4tf k|of; hf/L
/fVg] 5f}+ .Æ
k]zfsdL{ x?sf] gofF ;~hfn :yfkgf
sf7df8f}+ . cfh g]kfn af/ Pzf]l;ozgsf] sfo{sIfdf cWoIf zDe' yfkfsf] ;efkltTjdf
a;]sf] k|ltli7t k]zfut ;+u7gx?sf] ;+o'Qm a}7sn] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf ;l/s
x'g ;Dk"0f{ k]zfut ;+u7g Pj+ gful/s ;dfhnfO{ cfXjfg u/]sf] 5 .
æ!= zflGt, k|hftGq / ;dfhsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu ;xof]uLsf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ :yfoL bjfj ;d'xsf] ?kdf af}l4s If]qaf6 cfjZos sfo{ ug{sf]
nflu cfh pkl:yt k]zfut ;+:yfx?sf] ;+nUgtfdf- Professional's
Alliaiance of Peace & Democracy Nepal (PAPAD, Nepal) gfds ;~hfn :yfkgf
ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . xfnnfO{ ;~hfnsf] cWoIftf g]jfPsf cWoIfn] ug]{ / cWoIftf
ug]{ qmd qmdzM kl/jt{g ub}{ nfg] lg0f{o ;d]t ul/of] / ;~hfndf ;+nUg ;+:yfx?sf]
lhNnfl:yt PsfO{x?sf] ;+nUgtfdf lhNnf :t/Lo ;~hfn klg u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of]
.
@= ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf, ax'bnLo k|hftGq / ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq tyf gful/s zf;gsf]
axfnLsf] nflu eO/x]sf] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngk|lt of] a}7s P]Soa4tf hfx]/
ub{5 . ;fy} To; k|sf/sf] zflGtk"0f{ cfGbf]ngdf ;l/s x'g ;Dk"0f{ k]zfut
Pj+ gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ckLn ub{5 .
#= >L % sf] ;/sf/n] u}/ ;+j}wflgs ?kdf xfn} u/]sf] slyt b+ufu|:t If]qsf]
3f]if0ffk|lt of] a}7s v]b k|s6 ub{5 / sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf To; k|sf/sf] 3f]if0ff
ug'{kg]{ s'g} klg k"jf{j:yf gePsf] 7x/ ub{5 . k|hftflGqs xs clwsf/nfO{
;dfKt ug{sf] nflu ul/Psf] of] 3f]if0ffnfO{ cfd k|hftGqk|]dL gful/sx?n] lj/f]w
/ cj1f ug'{ kb{5 egL of] a}7s cfd gful/sx?;Fu ckLn ub{5 . ;fy} pQm 3f]if0ff
lz3|fltlz3| lkmtf{ ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f ub{5 .
$= zflGtk"0f{ e]nf / cfGbf]ngdf ePsf] aa{/ cdfgjLo / qm"/ bdg, ofgtf
/ k|x/L x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w ub}{ of] a}7s v]b tyf eT;{gf JoQm ub{5 / aGbL agfOPsf
;Dk"0f{ gful/sx?nfO{ dfgjf]lrt Jojxf/ u/L cljnDa l/xf ug{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf]
Wofgfsif{0f ub{5 .
%= lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf] nflu g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ / /fHo kIfnfO{ t'?Gt o'4lj/fd
u/L jftf{df a:gsf] nflu of] a}7s dfu ub{5 . ;fy} o'4/t ;a}kIfx?sf] aLrdf jftf{,
;Djfb / ;xdltsf] nflu dWo:ytf nufotsf] cfjZos e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{sf] nfuL
of] ;~hfn tof/ /x]sf] 3f]if0ff ub{5 . ;fy} lx+;fTds åGåsf qmddf
eO/x]sf] dfgjclwsf/sf] Jofks pNn+3gk|lt lrGtf k|s6 ub}{ ckx/0f, lu/km\tf/L /
j]kQfsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ k]zfsdL{, ljBfyL{, afnaflnsf, ;'/IffsdL{
/ ;j{;fwf/0f gful/sxnfO{ tTsfn d'Qm ug{ tyf To:tf] cdfgjLo k|j[lQsf] cGTo ug{
/fHo / ljb|f]xL b'a} kIfsf] Wofgfsif{0f ub{5 .
^= >L %, /fhgLlts bnx? / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_sf] Wofgfsif{0f ub}{ tLg} kIfn]
/fi6"nfO{ jt{dfg ;+s6af6 d'Qm u/L d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{ rfNg'kg]{
cfjZos sbdsf nflu ;'emfj lbg tyf tL cjwf/0ffsf] ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff ug{ lgs6 eljiod}
k]zfut ;+:yfx?sf] sf7d8f}+df j[xt ;Dd]ng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .
&= of] ;~hfnnfO{ ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljlw / ;+oGqsf] th'{df ug{ jf/
Pzf]l;Pzgsf] pkfWoIf z]/axfb'/ s];Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps sfo{bn u7g u/L xfnnfO{
jf/ Pzf]l;Pzgsf ;lrj dfwj af:sf]6f ;b:o ;lrj / g]kfn af/sf cWoIf zDe' yfkf,
g]kfn k|fWofks ;+3sf cWoIf vu]Gb| e§/fO{, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf ;efklt tf/fgfy
bfxfn, g]kfn OlGhlgo;{ Pzf]l;ozgsf cWoIf hLj/fh kf]v/]n / g]kfn lrlsT;s ;+3sf
cWoIf 8f= dgf]x/k|;fb u'Ktf ;b:o /xg'ePsf] 5 . Æ cfh hf/L lj1lKtdf hgfOPsf]
5 .
g]skf -Pdfn]_4f/f k|]l;t hg cfGbf]ng ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gaf6
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